The life view of "human life is the most important" in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) originates from the people-oriented theory of Chinese traditional culture, the benevolence thought of Confucianism, the rebirth thought of Taoism and the compassion thought of Buddhism. Taking the life view of "human life is the most important" as the starting point, it has formed medical ethics thoughts such as the social responsibility of saving the world, the medical practice purpose of treating all patients equally, the meticulous working attitude, the diligent and tireless learning attitude, and the exploration spirit of widely exploring the medical roots, which still has important educational significance. Therefore, the life view of "human life is the most important" should be integrated into the medical ethics education of medical students, and the medical ethics literacy of medical students should be improved through the following ways: strengthen the vocational ideal education of saving the dying and healing the wounded, and enhance the sense of social responsibility of medical students; consolidate the theme of life first classroom education and improve the professional identity of medical students; enrich and innovate the practice forms of protecting life, pay attention to the practicality of medical ethics education.

Objective For the development of the electronic patient-reported outcome measures(ePRO)for stroke,the scale′s equivalence,i.e,differential item functioning(DIF)was assessed,aiming to compare whether paper-and mobile-based collection methods affect the participants′responses.Methods The patient information was collected using the developed App,and the DIF was detected using the mean and covariance structure(MACS)model to analyse whether the scale maintained a good measurement equivalence after changing to mobile-based from paper-based.Results Items PHD7,PHD8,PHD14,PSD3,PSD9,SOD1,and SOD6 exhibited uniform DIF(P1＜α1),PHD9,PHD10,PHD11,PHD12,SOD5,and THD1 exhibited non-uniform DIF(P2＜α2),and SOD7 and THD2 exhibited both uniform and non-uniform DIF.The DIF between the different measurement modalities existed for the above 15 items;however,it was within the acceptable limit.Conclusion The mPRO patient follow-up system developed in this study by assessing the DIF between the scale′s different data collection methods confirmed that mobile-based data collection did not affect the participants′response,and the measurement method shift did not affect the scale measurement equivalence.The system yielded accurate and reliable measurements that can be used in clinical practice and optimized in its application course.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-positive bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of National Bloodstream Infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:A total of 3 163 strains of Gram-positive pathogens were collected from 51 member units，and the top five bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus（ n=1 147，36.3%），coagulase-negative Staphylococci（ n=928，29.3%）， Enterococcus faecalis（ n=369，11.7%）， Enterococcus faecium（ n=296，9.4%）and alpha-hemolyticus Streptococci（ n=192，6.1%）. The detection rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus（MRSA）and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci（MRCNS）were 26.4%（303/1 147）and 66.7%（619/928），respectively. No glycopeptide and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci were detected. The sensitivity rates of Staphylococcus aureus to cefpirome，rifampin，compound sulfamethoxazole，linezolid，minocycline and tigecycline were all >95.0%. Enterococcus faecium was more prevalent than Enterococcus faecalis. The resistance rates of Enterococcus faecium to vancomycin and teicoplanin were both 0.5%（2/369），and no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium was detected. The detection rate of MRSA in southern China was significantly lower than that in other regions（ χ2=14.578， P=0.002），while the detection rate of MRCNS in northern China was significantly higher than that in other regions（ χ2=15.195， P=0.002）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS in provincial hospitals were higher than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=13.519 and 12.136， P<0.001）. The detection rates of MRSA and MRCNS in economically more advanced regions（per capita GDP≥92 059 Yuan in 2022）were higher than those in economically less advanced regions（per capita GDP<92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=9.969 and 7.606， P=0.002和0.006）. Conclusions:Among the Gram-positive pathogens causing bloodstream infections in China， Staphylococci is the most common while the MRSA incidence decreases continuously with time；the detection rate of Enterococcus faecium exceeds that of Enterococcus faecalis. The overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is still at a low level. The composition ratio of Gram-positive pathogens and resistant profiles varies slightly across regions of China，with the prevalence of MRSA and MRCNS being more pronounced in provincial hospitals and areas with a per capita GDP≥92 059 yuan.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided semispinalis capitis plane (SCP) block for treatment of occipital neuralgia (ON).Methods:This was a prospective study. Ninety patients of both sexes, aged 29-66 yr, suffering ON for 3 months-6 yr in Zibo Municipal Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023, were divided into 3 groups ( n=30 each) using a random number table method: combination of greater occipital nerve (GON) block and the third occipital nerve (TON) block group (group GT), SCP block via the medial head of semispinalis capitis muscle (SCM) group (group Sm), and SCP block via the space between obliquus capitis inferior and C 2, 3 facet joint (OCI-C 2, 3) group (group OC). In GT group, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory compound solution 2.5 ml was injected around GON in the SCM-OCI space at the C 2 level of the cervical vertebra and at the lateral surface of C 2, 3 facet joint. In Sm group, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory compound solution 5 ml was injected into the medial head of SCM at the level of C 1. In OC group, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory compound solution 5 ml was injected into the OCI-C 2, 3 space in the deep part of SCM. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score were recorded before treatment (T 1) and at 1, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after treatment (T 2-6), and then the rates of pain relief and improvement in sleep quality were calculated. The time spent in blocking, onset time of blocking, completion time of blocking, duration of block, and occurrence of adverse reactions within 24 h after block were recorded. Results:There were no significant differences in VAS scores and PSQI scores at T 1-3 and T 5-6 among the three groups ( P>0.05), and VAS and PSQI scores were significantly higher at T 4 in Sm group than in OC and GT groups ( P<0.05). Compared with GT group, the time spent in blocking was significantly shortened, the onset time and completion time of block was prolonged, and the duration of block was shortened in Sm group, and the time spent in blocking was significantly shortened, the onset time and completion time of block was shortened ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the duration of block in OC group ( P>0.05). No severe complications were observed in the three groups. Conclusions:Compared with the combination of GON and TON blocks, ultrasound-guided SCP block for treating ON is simple and highly safe, SCP block via the OCI-C 2, 3 space has rapid onset and long duration, leading to significant improvements in pain and sleep quality, and it can be used as the first-choice block method for treating ON.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical Gram-negative bacteria isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2022.Methods:The clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria from blood cultures in member hospitals of national bloodstream infection Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System（BRICS）were collected during January 2022 to December 2022. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute（CLSI）. WHONET 5.6 and SPSS 25.0 software were used to analyze the data.Results:During the study period，9 035 strains of Gram-negative bacteria were collected from 51 hospitals，of which 7 895（87.4%）were Enterobacteriaceae and 1 140（12.6%）were non-fermenting bacteria. The top 5 bacterial species were Escherichia coli（ n=4 510，49.9%）， Klebsiella pneumoniae（ n=2 340，25.9%）， Pseudomonas aeruginosa（ n=534，5.9%）， Acinetobacter baumannii complex（ n=405，4.5%）and Enterobacter cloacae（ n=327，3.6%）. The ESBLs-producing rates in Escherichia coli， Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. were 47.1%（2 095/4 452），21.0%（427/2 033）and 41.1%（58/141），respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli（CREC）and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae（CRKP）were 1.3%（58/4 510）and 13.1%（307/2 340）；62.1%（36/58）and 9.8%（30/307）of CREC and CRKP were resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination，respectively. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii（CRAB）complex was 59.5%（241/405），while less than 5% of Acinetobacter baumannii complex was resistant to tigecycline and polymyxin B. The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa（CRPA）was 18.4%（98/534）. There were differences in the composition ratio of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections and the prevalence of main Gram-negative bacteria resistance among different regions，with statistically significant differences in the prevalence of CRKP and CRPA（ χ2=20.489 and 20.252， P<0.001）. The prevalence of CREC，CRKP，CRPA，CRAB，ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were higher in provinicial hospitals than those in municipal hospitals（ χ2=11.953，81.183，10.404，5.915，12.415 and 6.459， P<0.01 or <0.05），while the prevalence of CRPA was higher in economically developed regions（per capita GDP ≥ 92 059 Yuan）than that in economically less-developed regions（per capita GDP <92 059 Yuan）（ χ2=6.240， P=0.012）. Conclusions:The proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in bloodstream infections shows an increasing trend，and Escherichia coli is ranked in the top，while the trend of CRKP decreases continuously with time. Decreasing trends are noted in ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Low prevalence of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli and high prevalence in CRAB complex have been observed. The composition ratio and antibacterial spectrum of bloodstream infections in different regions of China are slightly different，and the proportion of main drug resistant bacteria in provincial hospitals is higher than those in municipal hospitals.

Objective:To detect the cystic fibrosis transmembrane transduction regulator(CFTR)gene mutations and congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens(CBAVD)susceptibility gene mutations in pa-tients with CBAVD,and to explore their association with the risk of CBAVD.Methods:Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing validation were conducted on the pathogenic genes CFTR,adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2(ADGRG2),sodium channel epithelial 1 subunit beta(SCNN1B),carbonic anhydrase 12(CA12),and solute carrier family 9 member A3(SLC9A3)in thirteen cases of isolated CBAVD patients.The polymorphic loci,intron and flanking sequences of CFTR gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction(PCR)followed by Sanger sequencing.Bioinformatics methods were employed for conservative analysis and deleterious prediction of novel susceptibility gene mutations in CBAVD.Ge-netic analysis was performed on the pedigree of one out of thirteen patients with CBAVD to evaluate the risk of inheritance in offspring.Results:Exome sequencing revealed CFTR gene exon mutations in only six of the thirteen CBAVD patients,with six missense mutations c.2684G＞A(p.Ser895Asn),c.4056G＞C(p.Gln1352His),c.2812G＞(p.Val938Leu),c.3068T＞G(p.Ile1023Arg),c.374T＞C(p.Ile125Thr),c.1666A＞G(p.Ile556Val)),and one nonsense mutation(c.1657C＞T(p.Arg553Ter).Among these six patients,two also had the CFTR homozygous p.V470 site,additional-ly,mutations in CFTR gene exon regions were not detected in the remaining seven patients.Within the thirteen CBAVD patients,three carried the homozygous p.V470 polymorphic site,four carried the 5T al-lele,two carried the TG13 allele,and ten carried the c.-966T＞G site.Four CBAVD patients simulta-neously carried 2-3 of the aforementioned CFTR gene mutation sites.Susceptibility gene mutations in CBAVD among the thirteen patients included one ADGRG2 missense mutation c.2312A＞G(p.Asn771Ser),two SLC9A3 missense mutations c.2395T＞C(p.Cys799Arg),c.493G＞A(p.Val165Ile),one SCNN1B missense mutation c.1514G＞A(p.Arg505His),and one CA12 missense mutation c.1061C＞T(p.Ala354Val).Notably,the SLC9A3 gene c.493 G＞A(p.Val165Ile)mutation site was first identi-fied in CBAVD patients.The five mutations exhibited an extremely low population mutation frequency in the gnomAD database,classifying them as rare mutations.Predictions from Mutation Taster and Poly-phen-2 software indicated that the harmfulness level of the SLC9A3 gene c.493G＞A(p.Val165Ile)site and the SCNN1B gene c.1514G＞A(p.Arg505His)site were disease causing and probably damaging.The genetic analysis of one pedigree revealed that the c.1657C＞T(p.Arg553Ter)mutation in the proband was a de novo mutation,as neither the proband's father nor mother carried this mutation.The proband and his spouse conceived a daughter through assisted reproductive technology,and the daughter inherited the proband's pathogenic mutation c.1657C＞T(p.Arg553Ter).Conclusion:CFTR gene mutations remain the leading cause of CBAVD in Chinese patients;however,the distribution and fre-quency of mutations differ from data reported in other domestic and international studies,highlighting the need to expand the CFTR mutation spectrum in Chinese CBAVD patients.The susceptibility genes ADGRG2,SLC9A3,SCNN1B,and CA12 may explain some cases of CBAVD without CFTR mutations.Given the lack of specific clinical manifestations in CBAVD patients,it is recommended that clinicians conduct further physical examinations and consider scrotal or transrectal ultrasound before making a defi-nitive diagnosis.It is advisable to employ CFTR gene mutation testing in preconception genetic screening to reduce the risk of CBAVD and cystic fibrosis in offspring.

Objective To investigate the effect of adenotonsillectomy on immune function and sleep structure in children with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS).Methods A total of 94 children with OSAHS treated at Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University from November 2020 to June 2022 were selected as the observation group,and another 80 healthy children who underwent physical examinations at the same hospital during the same period were selected as the control group.Children in the observation group underwent bilateral tonsillectomy combined with endoscopic adenoidectomy.Changes in the sleep structure of children in the observation group were detected before surgery and at discharge by using a multi-channel sleep monitoring system.Venous blood samples were collected from children in the observation group before surgery,one month after surgery,and six months after surgery,while venous blood samples of children in the control group were collected on the day of physical examination.The serum levels of IgA,IgG and IgM were measured by using immunoturbidimetry,the percentages of CD3+,CD4+and CD8+in the plasma were measured by using flow cytometry,and the CD4+/CD8+ratio was calculated.Results Compared with before surgery,the proportion of non-rapid eye movement sleep(NREM)1,apnea-hypopnea index and obstructive apnea-hypopnea index of children in the observation group decreased at discharge,the proportions of NREM2,NREM3 and rapid eye movement sleep(REM),sleep efficiency and the lowest oxygen saturation increased,and REM time extended(P＜0.05).The preoperative serum levels of IgA,IgG and IgM in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group(P＜0.05).One month after surgery,the serum levels of IgA,IgG and IgM in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the serum levels of IgA,IgG and IgM between the observation group and the control group at six months after surgery(P＞0.05).One and six months after surgery,the serum levels of IgA,IgG and IgM in the observation group were significantly lower than those before surgery(P＜0.05),and the serum levels of IgA,IgG and IgM at six months after surgery were significantly higher than those one month after surgery(P＜0.05).The preoperative CD3+and CD4+percentages and the CD4+/CD8+ratio in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group,while the CD8+percentage was significantly higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05).One month after surgery,the CD3+and CD4+percentages and the CD4+/CD8+ratio in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group,while the CD8+percentage was significantly higher than that in the control group(P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the CD3+,CD4+and CD8+percentages and the CD4+/CD8+ratio between the observation group and the control group at six months after surgery(P＞0.05).One month after surgery,the CD3+and CD4+percentages and the CD4+/CD8+ratio in the observation group were significantly lower than those before surgery,while the CD8+percentage was significantly higher than that before surgery(P＜0.05);six months after surgery,the CD3+and CD4+percentages and the CD4+/CD8+ratio in the observation group were significantly higher than those before surgery,while the CD8+percentage was significantly lower than that before surgery(P＜0.05).The CD3+and CD4+percentages and the CD4+/CD8+ratio at six months after surgery were significantly higher than those at one month after surgery,while the CD8+percentage was significantly lower than that at one month after surgery in the observation group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Adenotonsillectomy can effectively prolong the REM time of OSAHS children and improve their sleep efficiency,sleep structure and the immune regulation function of the body.The immune function of the body decreases briefly after adenotonsillectomy,and then gradually returns to the normal level.

Objective:To explore the clinical application effects of early pulmonary rehabilitation training based on bundle airway management in patients with tracheostomy and non-mechanical ventilation.Methods:Used convenience sampling, adult patients who underwent tracheostomy and non-mechanical ventilation admitted to Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province from January 2022 to May 2023 were enrolled. Patients were divided into control group and observation group based on their admission dates. The control group implemented bundle airway management based on the Airway care for patients with tracheostomy and non- mechanical ventilation. The observation group received additional pulmonary rehabilitation training implemented by a specialized respiratory rehabilitation team. The primary outcomes included hospital stay duration, improvement rate of muscle strength, diaphragmatic mobility, and successful extubation rate. Secondary outcomes included the incidence of pulmonary infection, improvement rate of self-care ability, and the duration of tracheal tube placement in extubated patients. Results:A total of 41 patients were included in the control group and 39 patients in the observation group. There were no significantly differences in gender, age, first diagnosis of disease, and activities of daily living (ADL) score at admission between the two groups, indicating balanced baseline data and comparability. Compared with the control group, the observation group had a significantly shorter hospital stay (days: 38.33±17.58 vs. 51.34±27.06), a higher improvement rate of muscle strength (76.92% vs. 39.02%), greater diaphragmatic mobility (cm: 1.86±0.64 vs. 1.44±0.57), and a higher success rate of tracheostomy tube extubation (38.46% vs. 17.07%), the duration of tracheal tube placement in successfully extubated patients was significantly reduced (days: 33.26±17.87 vs. 50.60±21.98), with all differences being statistically significant (all P < 0.05). Although the improvement rate of ADL score (56.41% vs. 36.59%) and the incidence of pulmonary infection (5.13% vs. 7.32%) in the observation group were better than those in the control group, but there were no differences (both P > 0.05). Conclusion:The addition of pulmonary rehabilitation training in bundle airway management can enhance exercise tolerance, improve respiratory function, promote sputum clearance, increase successful extubation rates, shorten hospital stays, and facilitate early recovery in patients with tracheostomy and non-mechanical ventilation.

Objective:To report the results of national surveillance on the distribution and antimicrobial resistance profile of clinical bacterial isolates from bloodstream infections in China in 2021.Methods:The clinical bacterial strains isolated from blood culture from member hospitals of Blood Bacterial Resistant Investigation Collaborative System (BRICS) were collected during January 2021 to December 2021. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted by agar dilution or broth dilution methods recommended by Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). WHONET 5.6 was used to analyze data.Results:During the study period, 11 013 bacterial strains were collected from 51 hospitals, of which 2 782 (25.3%) were Gram-positive bacteria and 8 231 (74.7%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top 10 bacterial species were Escherichia coli (37.6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (9.8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococci (6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.6%), Enterococcus faecium (3.6%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (2.5%) and Klebsiella spp (2.1%). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococcus aureus were 25.3% and 76.8%, respectively. No glycopeptide- and daptomycin-resistant Staphylococci was detected; more than 95.0% of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to ceftobiprole. No vancomycin-resistant Enterococci strains were detected. The rates of extended spectrum B-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolated in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis were 49.6%, 25.5% and 39.0%, respectively. The prevalence rates of carbapenem-resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were 2.2% and 15.8%, respectively; 7.9% of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to ceftazidime/avibactam combination. Ceftobiprole demonstrated excellent activity against non-ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Aztreonam/avibactam was highly active against carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence rate of carbapenem-resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii was 60.0%, while polymyxin and tigecycline showed good activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (5.5% and 4.5%). The prevalence of carbapenem-resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 18.9%. Conclusions:The BRICS surveillance results in 2021 shows that the main pathogens of blood stream infection in China are gram-negative bacteria, in which Escherichia coli is the most common. The MRSA incidence shows a further decreasing trend in China and the overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is low. The prevalence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae is still on a high level, but the trend is downwards.