T-2 toxin is a secondary fungal metabolite that belongs to the trichothecene mycotoxin family,it is the most toxic in class A trichothecene mycotoxin.T-2 toxin can induce apoptosis in cells bearing high proliferating activity.The mycotoxin readily passes the placenta and is distributed to embryo tissues,which results in fetal brain damage,bone malformation,thymic atrophy and even death.This article reviewed the effects of T-2 toxin on immune system,blood system and cell toxicities in pregnant mice and generation mice.

To improve the status of management in respiratory failure in China,the project of Study on Pathogenesis and Treatment of Respiratory Failure was designed and conducted by three medical centers(Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine-Beijing Chaoyang Hospital,Affiliated to Capital Medical University,Zhongshang Hospital-Fudan University,Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Medicine-First Guangzhou Medical College)for more than ten years.This project was focused on pathogenesis and treatment strategies of respiratory failure and achieved the following important innovations:(1)Pulmonary Infection Control Window(PIC Window)was firstly proposed and used to determine the time switching point of sequential invasive-noninvasive ventilation;(2)The largest sample size of early use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation(NPPV)for acute exacerbated COPD(AECOPD)on general ward provided the evidence-based data for expanding the indication of NPPV from treating respiratory failure to alleviating respiratory muscle fatigue;(3)Three new types of masks with intellectual property for NPPV were developed;(4)Designing of intrinsic expiratory end positive pressure(PEEPi)lung model with property of expiratory flow limitation confirmed that PEEPi was the most important factor that increased inspiratory difficulty;(5)The systematic measurement was established for diaphragm strength and endurance;(6)Aquaporin 1(AQP1)was firstly proved the key channel of fluid transportation in the lung;(7)A multicenter prospective cohort study provided objective data that depression had causal effect on COPD exacerbation and hospitalization;(8)Two guidelines for NPPV and mechanical ventilation of AECOPD were initiated by this group.This project has been widely used in clinical practice and promoted the research and treatment of respiratory failure in China.

OBJECTIVE To probe current status on protection of occupational exposure for contract workers in supply center of military hospital,therefore to put forward rational suggestion and measure.METHODS Current status among contract workers in supply center of military hospital were investigated by questionnaire with conversation.RESULTS The investigation showed that contract workers in supply center of military hospital had poor recognition on protection of occupational exposure,with higher prevalence of occupational exposure(95%),and short of effective protection against occupational exposure,and without correct and efficient measures once occupational exposure occurred.CONCLUSIONS It is essential to enhance education on occupational exposure protection,establish strict,systemic and periodic training,thus to strengthen self-protection on occupational exposure,therefore to reduce the occurrence of inhospital infection.

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of mongolian medicine Cymbaria dahurica extract. METHODS:96 KM mice(or SD rats)were randomly divided into model group(water),positive control group(aspirin, 0.5 g/kg),C. dahurica ethanol extract (70% ethanol) low-dose,medium-dose and high-dose groups (0.325,0.650,1.300 g/kg, calculated by crude drug) and C. dahurica aqueous extract of the residue of alcohol extraction low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose groups(0.325,0.650,1.300 g/kg,calculated by crude drug). They were given relevant medicine intragastrically,once a day,for consecutive 7 d. The xylene-induced ear edema method was used to determine the degree of ear edema,and egg white-in-duced paw edema method was used to determine paw edema after inducing inflammation 1,2,4,6 h;anti-inflammatory activity of C. dahurica extract was investigated. 96 KM mice were grouped and given medicine with same method;the number of writhing within 20 min was determined by acetic acid writhing method. Another 64 KM mice were grouped with same method,with 8 mice in each group;except positive control group was given tramadol hydrochloride(0.5 g/kg)intragastrically,other groups were given relevant medicine with same method. Pain thresholds of mice were determined by hot-plate test before and after medication 30,45, 60,90 min,and analgesic effects of C. dahurica extract were investigated. RESULTS:Compared with model group,C. dahurica extract could obviously restrain the ear edema of mice and paw edema of rats 6 h after egg white-induced inflammation. Except paw edema of rats in C. dahurica aqueous extract of the residue of alcohol extraction high-dose group was decreased slightly,there was statistical significance among other groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). C. dahurica extract decreased the number of writhing in mice within 20 min,and extended pain thresholds of mice 30,60,90 min after medication (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Both C. dahurica ethanol extract and aqueous extract of the residue of alcohol extraction posses certain anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

Objective To investigate the protective immunity of the vaccine against schistosomiasis,a mutant of Mr 23 000 membrane protein DNA(Sj23DNA) without the homologous sequence of ME491.Methods The mutant of Sj23 DNA with no homologous sequence of ME491 on the cell membrane of human melanoma was obtained by overlap PCR.The mutant was transfected into human embryonic kidney cells of the line HEK293.Indirect fluorescent antibody test(IFAT) was used to detect the expressed protein.Expression of the mutant of Sj23DNA in muscular cells of mice was conducted through vaccinating the mouse with 100 ?g purified plasmids by injecting them into the quadriceps muscle of thigh.Four weeks after the immunization,the quadriceps muscles were taken and cryostat sections were prepared for detecting the expression by IFAT.Forty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups and injected with the mutant of pcDNA3-Sj23 plasmid DNA,pcDNA3-Sj23 plasmid DNA,pcDNA3 blank plasmid(100 ?g per mouse) and sterile saline(30 ?l per mouse) respectively.Four weeks after the immunization,mice were challenged with cercariae(40?2 cercariae per mouse) by abdominal skin penetration.Mice were then killed 6 weeks later,perfusion and squash methods were carried out to collect the adult worms and the number of eggs per gram of liver tissue was calculated.Worm and egg reduction rates were used to evaluate the protective immunity.Results Specific fluorescence was demonstrated in muscular cells of mice vaccinated with the mutant of pcDNA3-Sj23.The worm reduction rate and egg reduction rate were 40.3% and 42.8% respectively in the mutant of pcDNA3-Sj23 group,which were higher than those in the pcDNA3-Sj23 plasmid group(33.1% and 28.9% respectively).The difference between these two groups was significant(P

OBJECTIVE To seek for an effective,rapid,economic,safety and practical cleaning method,so as to ensure the high quality of sterilization in hospital supply center.METHODS Six hundred moderately contaminated recyclable instruments were divided into three groups randomly,conventional group,experimental group A and experimental group B(two hundred sorts each).The instruments in experimental group A were put into warmed water(40 ℃) for ten minutes first,and that in experimental group B were put into multi-enzyme solution for five minutes first,and then all the instruments in three groups were put into automatic sprinkling cleaning machine to accomplish the cleaning process automatically.After cleaning process,cleaning degree of the instruments and remained blood residues were compared in three groups.RESULTS The cleaning quality in the groups A and B was significantly higher than that of the conventional group,both P

Objective To realize the incidence of healthcare-associated infection (HAI),the rate of invasive procedure and related infection rate,use of antimicrobial agents and distribution of pathogens in gereral intensive care units (GICUs) of hospitals in China.Methods HAI cross-sectional investigation data of GICUs reported to China HAI Surveillance Net-work were summarized and analyzed.Results Of 1 313 hospitals,621(47.30%)had GICUs;a total of 5 887 patients were surveyed,1 634 patients developed 1 962 times of infection,HAI prevalence rate and case rate was 27.76% and 33.33%respectively.The main infection sites were lower respiratory tract(70.39%),urinary tract (12.79%)and blood(2.86%). The application rate of urinary catheter,arteriovenous catheter and ventilator was 53.52%(n=3 151),37.05%(n=2 181) and 35.62%(n=2 097)respectively,and related prevalence of urinary tract infection,pneumonia and blood stream infection was 4.67%,20.41%,and 0.60%,respectively,which accounting for 58.57%,30.99%,and 23.21 % of urinary tract infection,pneumonia and blood stream infection respectively,the overall prevalence of above invasive procedure-re-lated infection accounted for 29.97%(588/1 962)of the overall HAI prevalence.A total of 1 795 isolated pathogens causing HAI were detected,the top three were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.78%),Acinetobacter baumannii(17.99%)and Klebsiella pneumoniae (11 .64%).The usage rate of antimicrobial agents was 71 .58%(n=4 214), rate of specimens delivered for detection was up to 75.27%(2 553/3 392).Conclusion Prevalence and antimicrobial use in patients in GICUs are all high,all kinds of invasive procedure are frequent,30% of HAI are related to inva-sive procedure;infection caused by non-fermentative bacteria is serious,pathogen detection is well performed.

T-2 toxin is a secondary fungal metabolite that belongs to the trichothecene mycotoxin family.T-2 toxin can lead to the structural and functional changes of cartilage cells and cartilage cell degeneration and necrosis.With strong cytotoxicity,T-2 toxin can cause definite damage to cartilage cells.In this paper,we reviewed recent studies on the effects of T-2 toxin on chondrocyte apoptosis,ultra structural changes and extracellular matrix in vitro.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of diagnosis of cervical insufficiency and different management on pregnancy outcomes.MethodsFrom June 2004 to May 2010, a retrospective analysis was carried out on 554 patients with cervical insufficiency in nine hospitals in Guangdong Province, China. The patients were divided into two groups, the cervical cerclage surgical treatment group (surgical group,n=357) and the expectant treatment group (n=197). These patients were then re-diagnosed according to the unified diagnostic criteria by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2014), and divided into the definite diagnosis group (n=425) and the indefinite diagnosis group (n=129). The two independent samplest-test andChi-square test were used to compare pregnancy outcomes between the definite and indefinite diagnosis groups, and the different treatment groups.ResultsThe full-term delivery rate in the surgical group was significantly higher than that in the expectant treatment group [40.3% (144/357) vs 23.4% (46/197),χ2=16.254, P=0.000], and the late abortion rate was lower in the surgical group than in the expectant treatment group [22.4%(80/357) vs 40.1% (79/197),χ2=19.419,P=0.000]. In women with a definite diagnosis of cervical insufficiency, full-term delivery rate [44.7% (117/262) vs 20.9% (34/163),χ2=24.844,P=0.000], and newborn body weight were significantly higher in the surgical group [(2 664.3±762.2) vs (2 416.9±845.0) g,t=1.160,P=0.014] than in the expectant treatment group and the late abortion rate was significantly lower [21.4% (56/262) vs 41.1% (67/163),χ2=19.021,P=0.000]. Cervical cerclage in the indefinite diagnosis group did not resulted in raising the full-term delivery rate [28.4% (27/95) vs 35.3% (12/34),χ2=0.561], preterm delivery rate [46.3%(44/95) vs 29.4% (10/34),χ2=2.940], late abortion rate [25.3% (24/95) vs 35.3% (12/34),χ2=1.252] and newborn body weight [(2 526.5±761.8) vs (2 683.4±725.8) g,t=0.004] compared with expectant treatment group (allP>0.05). Pregnancy outcomes in the surgical treatment group in relation to twin pregnancies were not significantly different in the≥28 weeks delivery rate [81.4% (37/46) vs 69.2% (18/26),χ2=1.156], late abortion rate [19.6% (9/46) vs 30.8% (8/26),χ2=1.156] and newborn birth weight [(2 003.2±621.0) vs (1 807.5±609.4) g, t=0.057] compared with those in the expectant treatment group (allP>0.05).ConclusionsIn accordance with the diagnostic criteria for cervical insufficiency and indications for cervical cerclage in surgical cases, cervical cerclage can effectively improve pregnancy outcome. But cervical cerclage is not recommended in twin pregnancies with cervical insufficiency.

Objective Data on applications and grants of general program on health science of National Natural Science Fund from Shanghai First People's Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SFPH) during 2011-2014 were analyzed with an attempt to explore the ways to promote the funding rate.Methods x2 test and t test were performed,and a binary Logistic regression model was established to determine variables influencing the results of applications.Results There were 367 applications in SFPH during 2011-2014,86 of which were granted.The funding rate was higher than that of Department of Health Science.The total and highest impact factor of SCI articles published by applicants of granted programs were both higher than those of non-granted programs.The significance of these two factors in predicting whether an application will be granted was confirmed by the results of Logistic regression analysis.Conclusions SCI article is an important aspect of academic achievements of applicants,which is a prerequisite for an application to be granted.However,a scientific and innovative project may be critical for the outcome of an application.