Objective To investigate the effect of Jinlida granules on blood glucose level, physiological index, and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in mice. Methods Mice were randomly divided into a positive control group (acarbose group), an experimental group (Jinlida granule group), and a blank control group. The effects of Jinlida granules on blood glucose levels and weights of the mice were measured after single and multiple ingestion of sucrose or starch. The levels of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were measured in mice via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes in serum lipids and other indicators were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer in order to determine the regulatory effect of Jinlida granules on blood lipid levels and liver and kidney damage. Changes in NF-κB, interleukin (IL) -1β, and IL-6 levels were detected via Western blotting. Results Jinlida granules downregulated postprandial blood glucose levels without reducing body weight in mice. Jinlida granules also reduced serum triglyceride concentration without causing damage to the liver or kidneys in mice, showed protective effects on muscle cells, and may reduce activation of the NF-κB pathway. Conclusion Jinlida granules may contribute to ameliorating diabetes.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic mechanism of Dan Hong in a rat model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM).Methods Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into an experimental group (n=10),aCSM modelgroup (n=10),and acontrol group (n=10).The CSM model group received a Dan Hong injection,while the control and experimental groups received an injection of an equivalent volume of physiological saline.The motor function of the rats was assessed before administration and at 4 weeks after administration,at which time the rats were sacrificed.The expression of cytokines and bcl-2 was detected by ELISA and Westem blotting.Results Four weeks after treatment,the number of oblique plates in the experimental group increased.Additionally,the expression of cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in the CSM model group was higher and the expression of bcl-2 was lower.Conclusion Dan Hong injection can reduce the inflammatory response and reduce cell apoptosis in CSM.

Objective To investigate gender differences of plasma glial cell line-derived neurotro-phic factor (GDNF) levels in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods MDD subjects (male 20,female 36) and healthy controls (HCs) (male 35,female 45) were divided into four groups by gender. Plasma levels of GDNF were measured and compared in different gender groups. The clinical symp-tom severity of MDD patients was evaluated by 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) and Hamil-ton Anxiety Scale (HAMA-17). Results (1)The plasma GDNF level in male patients with major depres-sive disorder (( 1. 55 ± 0. 43 ) pg/ml ) was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (( 1. 86 ± 0. 50)pg/ml,F=4. 64,P=0. 036). There was no significant difference in GDNF level between female de-pression patients((1.62±0.46)pg/ml)) and female healthy control((1. 64±0. 48)pg/ml,F=0. 18,P=0. 672). In HCs,the GDNF level of male was significantly higher than that of female((1. 86±0. 50)pg/ml, (1. 64±0. 48)pg/ml,F=2. 04,P=0. 045). There was no significant difference in GDNF level between male and female patients(P>0. 05). (2) GDNF level in male patients with major depressive disorder was nega-tively correlated with HAMA score(r=-0. 388,P=0. 034). Conclusion The expression of GDNF is affect-ed by sex factors,which may be related to the different pathogenesis of MDD.

In the context of the "Belt and Road" initiative, We systematically analyzed the general education and training systems of 16 Western Pacific countries and regions, including general practitioner college education, post-graduation education, and faculty status. Developed countries and regions have a long-term medical education system, strong faculty, and a comprehensive training model for general practitioners. Underdeveloped countries and regions are relatively weak in educational institutions, faculty, and general practitioner training models. The underdeveloped countries and regions should develop a general medical education and training system in terms of strengthening the construction of general medical disciplines, strengthening the supervision and certification of general practitioners, improving the general medical training model, and strengthening the construction of teachers.

Pulmonary fibrosis(PF)is a progressive,interstitial fibrotic lung disease characterized by persistent scar formation in the lung parenchyma,and a reduced quality of life and poor prognosis for patients.The pathogenesis of PF is unknown and there is a lack of effective therapeutic agents;however,animal models are currently the main tool used to explore the pathogenesis of the disease and to find effective therapeutic agents.PF can be induced by various factors and to different degrees according to known etiologies.Among these,bleomycin-induced models are widely used because of their reproducibility and the similarity between the fibrosis pathology and clinical conditions.The main induction method include intratracheal drip,intratracheal nebulization,tail vein injection,intraperitoneal injection,and transnasal inhalation,and these can be classified into single and multiple doses,according to the frequency of induction.Based on the relevant literature,the current review summarizes the characteristics of the bleomycin-induced PF model using different induction frequencies and method,to provide a basis for the application of this model.

Objective A rat model of pulmonary fibrosis was constructed using a single or two intratracheal drops of bleomycin(BLM)and the modeling rate and stability of the two modeling modalities were compared.Methods A total of 150 specific pathogen-free SD rats were divided randomly into blank control(control),single intratracheal drop of bleomycin(BLM-S),and two intratracheal drops of bleomycin(BLM-M)groups.Rats in the BLM-S group received a single dose of 3 mg/kg BLM by noninvasive intratracheal instillation,and rats in BLM-M group received 3 mg/kg BLM on day 1 and BLM 2 mg/kg on day 14.Rats in the control group were given intratracheal instillation of 0.9％sodium chloride(1 mL/kg).The rats were euthanized on days 28,42,56,and 84 after modelling,respectively.Deep inspiratory capacity(IC),vital capacity(VC),static lung compliance(Cchord),and dynamic lung complication(Cdyn)were measured in all rats.Pathological changes in lung tissue were observed,and the extent of alveolitis and fibrosis was graded.Collagen-Ⅲ(COL-Ⅲ)expression in rat lung tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results(1)The survival rates in the control,BLM-S,and BLM-M groups were 100％,80％,and 66％,respectively.Rats in the BLM-S and BLM-M groups had significantly lower body weights on days 14～42 compared with the control group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and rats in the BLM-M group had significantly lower body weight on days 28～42 than rats in the control and BLM-S groups(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).(2)Regarding lung function,IC,VC,Cchord,and Cdyn were all markedly decreased in the BLM-S group compared with the control group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)and IC,VC,and Cchord were significantly decreased in the BLM-M group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)on day 28.IC,VC,and Cchord were significantly decreased in rats in the BLM-S group on day 42(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and were also significantly decreased in rats in the BLM-M group on days 42～84(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).(3)In terms of lung pathology,inflammatory infiltration and fibrous cords appeared in the BLM-S group from days 28～84 and then gradually decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),while fibrosis and alveolitis were relatively stable in the BLM-M group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).(4)COL-Ⅲ expression levels in lung tissue were significantly higher in rats in the BLM-S and BLM-M groups compared with the control group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and the COL-Ⅲ content in the BLM-S group was significantly lower at 42～84 days than at 28 days(P＜0.05).Conclusions Both method are capable of effectively creating pulmonary fibrosis models.The single-dose approach is straightforward,has a lower death rate,and the degree of fibrosis is clearly visible by day 28,but progressively recovers after 42 days.In contrast,the two-dose instillation model has a greater success rate and better stability,with over half the rats still exhibiting visible fibrosis on day 84.

Objective To compare the success rate and stability of rat pulmonary fibrosis(PF)models induced by intratracheal instillation of different doses of bleomycin(BLM).Methods One hundred and fifty Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into control,low-dose BLM 3 mg/kg(BL-L),and high-dose BLM 5 mg/kg(BL-H)groups.General status,mortality,and weight changes were observed,and the lung inspiratory capacity(IC),vital capacity(VC),chord compliance(Cchord),and dynamic compliance(Cdyn)were detected on days 28,42,56,and 84.Lung coefficients were recorded and pathological changes in lung tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining.The lung hydroxyproline(HYP)content was detected and collagen type Ⅲ(COL Ⅲ)was detected by immunohistochemistry.Results The mortality rates in the BL-L and BL-H groups were 20％and 28％,respectively.Body weight was significantly lower in the BL-L group compared with the control group on days 0～56,and weight recovery after day 56.Body weight was significantly lower in the BL-H group compared with the control and BL-L groups from days 0～56(P＜0.01).Regarding lung function,IC,VC,Cchord,and Cdyn were significantly lower in the BL-L group compared with the control group on day 28(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),and IC and Cdyn were significantly lower in the BL-H group(P＜0.01).IC,VC,and Cchord were significantly decreased in the BL-L group on day 42(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),while IC,VC,Cchord,and Cdyn were significantly decreased in the BL-H group(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),and IC,VC,and Cchord were significantly lower compared with in the BL-L group(P＜0.01).Cchord was significantly lower in the BL-H group compared with the control and BL-L groups on day 56(P＜0.01).The lung coefficients on day 28 were significantly higher in the BL-L and BL-H groups compared with the control group(P＜0.01),and were significantly higher in the BL-H group from days 42～56 compared with the BL-L and control groups(P＜0.01).Regarding lung histopathology and immunohistochemistry,inflammatory infiltration,fibrotic streaks,and COL Ⅲ expression were observed in the BL-L group from days 28～56,and almost complete disappearance of the fibrotic lesions on day 84.In contrast,fibrotic lesions could be observed from days 28～84 in the BL-H group,with significantly elevated COL Ⅲ expression compared with the control group(P＜0.01).The HYP content was significantly higher in the BL-L group compared with the control group from days 28～42(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and then gradually decreased,and the HYP content was significantly higher in the BL-H group than in the control group from days 28～84(P＜0.01).Conclusions Both 3 and 5 mg/kg BLM can successfully induce PF rat models.Rats treated with 3 mg/kg BLM developed fibrosis on day 28,which lasted until day 42 and then gradually recovered.Rats treated with 5 mg/kg BLM developed fibrosis on day 28,and the degree of fibrosis was more severe with the higher compared with the lower dose,with stable fibrotic lesions up to day 56 and moderate-to-severe fibrosis still present in half of the rats until day 84.

ZNF804A rs1344706 has been identified as one of the risk genes for schizophrenia. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. Given that ZNF804A upregulates the expression of COMT, we hypothesized that ZNF804A may influence brain activity by interacting with COMT. Here, we genotyped ZNF804A rs1344706 and COMT rs4680 in 218 healthy Chinese participants. Amplitudes of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs) were applied to analyze the main and interaction effects of ZNF804A rs1344706 and COMT rs4680. The ALFFs of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex showed a significant ZNF804A rs1344706 × COMT rs4680 interaction, manifesting as a U-shaped modulation, presumably by dopamine signaling. Significant main effects were also found. These findings suggest that ZNF804A affects the resting-state functional activation by interacting with COMT, and may improve our understanding of the neurobiological effects of ZNF804A and its association with schizophrenia.