This article was aimed to study the chemical constituents from the chemical split fractions of Mori Cortex. The compounds were isolated with Diaion HP-20, Toyopearl HW-40, Sephadex LH-20, MCI Gel CHP-20, Silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC. Structures of compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral analysis. The results showed that 23 compounds were obtained. And their structures were identified. The 16 compounds were obtained from the 30% ethanol fraction as vanillic acid (1), 3,4-dimethoxyphenol (2), benzoic acid (3), syringic acid (4), kelampayoside A (5), p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid (6), caffeic acid (7), hydroferulic acid (8), 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin (9), 5,7-dihydroxycoumarin (10), morin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), liriodendrin (12), 2,3-trans-dihydromorin (13), 2,3-cis-dihydromorin (14), 2,3-trans-dihydroquercetin (15), 2,3-cis-dihydroquercetin (16). The 4 compounds were obtained from the 50% ethanol fraction as scopoletin (17), morin (18), kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (19), umbelliferone (20). The 3 compounds were obtained from the 80% ethanol fraction as sanggenon R (21), cis-mulberroside A (22), resveratrol (23). It was concluded that compounds 2, 4-6, 11, 16, 19 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

This article was aimed to study the chemical constituents of seeds of Descurainia Sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl., in order to lay the material foundation for further interpretation of seeds of D. Sophia and provide pharmacodynamic basis as well as the basis for attributing its nature and taste. The compounds were isolated and purified by Diaion HP-20, Toyopearl HW-40, MCI Gel CHP-20, ODS, Silica gel chromatography combining with Pre-HPLC. The structures were identified on the basis of spectral data and physicochemical properties. Twenty eight compounds were isolated and identified from 20% and 80% ethanol fraction. Thirteen compounds were identified from 20% ethanol fraction: kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-gentiobioside(1), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-gentiobioside (2), isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-gentiobioside (3), isorhamnetin-3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), quercetin-3,7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol-3, 7-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl (1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), methyl sinapate (8), syringaldehyde (9), (S)-p- hydroxyphenyl lactate acid (10), (S)-2-hydroxy-phenylpropionic acid (11), scopoletin (12), sinapic acid (13). Fifteen compounds were identified from 80% ethanol fraction: isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (14), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (15), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (16), quercetin (17), kaempferol (18), isorhamnetin (19), syringic acids (20), quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside (21), quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (22), 6-O-[E]-Sinapoyl-(α- and β)-D-glucopyranoside (23), dimethyl (E, E)-4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3',5,5'-tetramethoxylign-7,7'-dien-9,9'-dioate (24), dimethylthomasidioate (25), 2-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl) propanoic acid (26), 2-hydroxyl-3-(1H-indol-3-yl) propanoic acid methyl ester (27), 4'-O-methyl-dihydroquercetin (28). It was concluded that compounds 7-11 and 21-28 were isolated from seeds of D. sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl. for the first time.

This study was aimed to investigate the diuretic effect ofMori Cortex and to identify effective fractions inM. Cortex. Metabolic cages were used to firstly observe the diuretic effect ofM. Cortex aqueous extracts on rats. Medications were continuously given for 5 days to screen for the best dosage of diuretic effect. Picric acid assays were used to detect creatinine levels in serum and urine after 5-day medication. Then, the diuretic effect of each chemical split fraction inM. Cortex was studied in order to indentify the effective parts. The results showed that after administration ofM. Cortex aqueous extracts for 3 to 5 days, compared with the control group, there was a significant diuretic effect on rats (P<0.05 orP<0.01). And the medium-dose ofM. Cortex aqueous extracts showed the best effect (P<0.01). However,M. Cortex aqueous extracts had no significant effect on creatinine levels in serum and urine. Assays of diuretic effect of chemical split fractions ofM.Cortex indicated that compared with the control group, 30% ethanol fraction and fatty oil fraction had the best diuretic effect (P<0.01). It was concluded thatM.Cortex aqueous extracts had a significant diuretic effect. And the chemical fractions contributed mostly to this effect were mainly existed in the 30% ethanol fraction and fatty oil fraction.

This study was aimed to investigate the estrogenic effects ofCoicis Semen in order to preliminarily discuss the mechanism. Mouse uterine weight test and MCF-7 cell proliferation assay were used to evaluate the estrogenic effects ofC. Semen. Reporter gene assays were adopted to explore the action mechanism ofC. Semen. In reporter gene assay, HEK293 cells were co-transfected with pERE-TAL-luc, pβgal-Control, pCXN2-hERα, or pCXN2-hERβ. And the expression of reporter gene luc was controlled by ERE. Mouse uterine weight test showed that compared with the control group, the aqueous extracts ofC. Semen can increase the uterus index of premature female mice (P<0.01). It can significantly promote the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in the medium without estrogen (P<0.01). The reporter gene controlled by ERE technology showed thatwhen mediated by ERα or ERβ respectively, the normalized luciferase activity of aqueous extracts ofC. Semen was significantly higher than activity of the control group (P< 0.05 orP< 0.01). It was concluded that the aqueous extracts ofC.Semen can increase the uterus index of premature female mice and promote the proliferation of MCF-7 cells in the medium without estrogen. We found the estrogenic effects ofC. Semen for the first time. And the estrogenic effects ofC. Semen were mainly mediated by ERβ.

This article was aimed to study immunomodulatory effect of chemical split fractions ofMori Cortex, in order to initially explain effective parts that played a role in immunomodulatory effect ofMori Cortex. The carbon clearance test, serum hemolysin test, E-rosette test, and lymphocyte transformation test were carried out to explore influence of these chemical split fractions ofMori Cortex on immune organs, nonspecific immunity, humoral immunity and cellular immunity. The results showed that in the carbon clearance test, 50% ethanol fraction markedly reduced the thymus index (P<0.01) and the correction indexα (P<0.05). In hemolysin test, the half value hemolysis (HC50) was improved by 30% ethanol fraction and fatty oil fraction (P<0.05). Besides, in the E-rosette test, the E-rosette ration was increased in the 30% ethanol fraction group (P<0.05). In the lymphocyte transformation test, the 30% ethanol fraction can promote the thymus and spleen lymphocytes proliferation (P<0.05 orP<0.01), while the 50% ethanol fraction inhibited the proliferation (P<0.05 orP<0.01). It was concluded that the 30% ethanol fraction can boost both the humoral immunity and cellular immunity; the 50% ethanol fraction can induce the growth of thymus with a suppressive effect on nonspecific immunity and cellular immunity; the fatty oil fraction can improve humoral immunity.

This study was aimed to investigate the antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic effects of aqueous extracts and the chemical split fractions ofMori Cortex. Cough mice models induced by ammonia water were used to observe the effect on arresting cough. The phenol red expectoration method in mice was used to observe the effect on expelling phlegm. Histamine and acetylcholine mixture induced asthma model was used to observe the effect on relieving asthma. Isolated trachea model was used to observe the effect on relieving spasm. Compared with the control group, the low, medium and high doses of aqueous extracts ofM. Cortex can obviously decrease the frequency of cough, increase phenol red output of trachea in mice, prolong the latent period of asthma in guinea pigs, and increase the antispasmodic rate. The medium dose had the best effect. The comparison between different chemical split fractions ofM. Cortex and the control group showed that the 30% and 50% ethanol fraction ofM. Cortex can obviously decrease the frequency of cough and prolong the latent period of cough induced by ammonia water in mice, increase phenol red output of trachea in mice (P<0.05 orP<0.01); and 30% ethanol fraction and fatty oil fraction can prolong the latent period of asthma in guinea pigs (P< 0.05 orP<0.01). In addition, 30% ethanol fraction can obviously reduce the degree of tracheal contraction. It had certain effect of relieving spasm. It was concluded that aqueous extracts ofM. Cortex had better effects on relieving cough, expectorant and antiasthma. The effective part was the 30% ethanol fraction, which was the dose equivalent of 1/3 of the medium dose. It had significant effect on relieving cough, expectorant and antiasthma. The effect was equivalent to the medium dose of aqueous extracts of M. Cortex.

This article was aimed to study effects of aqueous extracts and all chemical split fractions ofMori Cortex on hypoglycemic effect of diabetic mice model. Intra-peritoneal injection of 170 mg·kg-1 streptozocin (STZ) was given to male Kunming mice to establish type I diabetes mode. Continuous administration of medication was given for 4 weeks. And then, indicators such as body weight, water intake, food intake, fasting plasma glucose (FBG), insulin, C-peptide, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) were detected. Pathological morphology of the liver and pancreas were observed by light microscopy. The results showed that high-dose group ofM. Cortex aqueous extracts can improve weight loss of type I diabetic mice, significantly reduce water intake and food intake, reduce FBG, TC, TG and LDL-c levels in different degrees (P<0.05 orP<0.01), and increase C-peptide and HDL-c levels (P<0.05 orP<0.01). When dosages of 30% ethanol fraction and fatty oil fraction were only about 1/2 and 1/4 ofM.Cortex aqueous extracts, we found that it can improve lipid disorder status,repair liver cells, and improve liver tissue damage. Its effect was superior to M. Cortex aqueous extracts. It was concluded thatM. Cortexaqueous extracts showed a better hypoglycemic effect. The effective component parts were 30% ethanol fraction and fatty oil fraction. Its hypoglycemic mechanism may be related to the promotion of insulin secretion, regulation of blood lipid disorders, as well as the protection of liver structure and function.

BACKGROUNDDual sensor (DS) for rate adaption was supposed to be more physiological. To evaluate its superiority, the DS (accelerometer [ACC] and minute ventilation [MV]) and normal sinus rate response were compared in a self-controlled way during exercise treadmill testing.

METHODSThis self-controlled study was performed in atrioventricular block patients with normal sinus function who met the indications of pacemaker implant. Twenty-one patients came to the 1-month follow-up visit. Patients performed a treadmill test 1-month post implant while programmed in DDDR and sensor passive mode. For these patients, sensor response factors were left at default settings (ACC = 8, MV = 3) and sensor indicated rates (SIRs) for DS, ACC and MV sensor were retrieved from the pacemaker memories, along with measured sinus node (SN) rates from the beginning to 1-minute after the end of the treadmill test, and compared among study groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance and profile analysis, as well as variance analysis of randomized block designs, were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTSFifteen patients (15/21) were determined to be chronotropically competent. The mean differences between DS SIRs and intrinsic sinus rates during treadmill testing were smaller than those for ACC and MV sensor (mean difference between SIR and SN rate: ACC vs. SN, MV vs. SN, DS vs. SN, respectively, 34.84, 17.60, 16.15 beats/min), though no sensors could mimic sinus rates under the default settings for sensor response factor (ACC vs. SN P-adjusted < 0.001; MV vs. SN P-adjusted = 0.002; DS vs. SN P-adjusted = 0.005). However, both in the range of 1 st minute and first 3 minutes of exercise, only the DS SIR profile did not differ from sinus rates (P-adjusted = 0.09, 0.90, respectively).

CONCLUSIONSThe DS under default settings provides more physiological rate response during physical activity than the corresponding single sensors (ACC or MV sensor). Further study is needed to determine if individual optimization would further improve adaptive performance of the DS.

Adult ; Aged ; Cardiac Pacing, Artificial ; methods ; Exercise ; physiology ; Exercise Test ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pacemaker, Artificial

This article was aimed to study the chemical constituents of Dioscorea opposita Thunb.The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by Diaion HP-20,Toyopearl HW-40,Sephadex LH-20,MCI Gel CHP-20,silica gel column chromatography and preparative HPLC,TLC,purification and isolation from Dioscorea opposita Thunb.The structures of isolated compounds were identified by thc physicochemical properties and spectral analysis.The result showed that 14 compounds were isolated from Dioscorea opposita Thunb.The chemical structures were elucidated as L-Tryptophane (1),Seguinosides F (2),1-methoxycarbonyl-β-carboline (3),Helichrysin A (4),Bungein A (5),Hydroquinone (6),Zarzissine (7),Cyclo-(Pro-Thr) (8),4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (9),pyridine-3-carboxamide (10),Arbutin (11),Methyl syringate 4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (12),L-Phenylalanine (13),1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,1,2-bis[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy) ethyl] ester (14).It was concluded that chemical compounds 1-14 were isolated for the first time from Dioscorea opposita Thunb.