OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the accountability of civil liability induced by different causes.METHODS:Literature retrieval and case study were applied to analyze the civil liability of pharmaceutical manufacturers and medical institution in medication misadventures.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:At present it is difficult for patients who suffered from medication misadventures caused by drug quality defects,drug adverse reaction or medication errors to claim.The main reasons are imperfect relevant law system and the vacancy of compensation mechanism of drug-induced injury events.It is suggested to establish technology institution for evaluating medication misadventures,state relief and compensation system and encourage pharmaceutical manufacturers to buy products liability insurance.

OBJECTIVE:To establish a set of scientific,standard management model and rational,impartial financial system in Chinese institutes for drug control.METHODS:The types of the established institutions and the financial appropriation model of institutes for drug control in China were studied by using the methods of classification,comparison and analysis.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Under super-ministry system,local management in drug control institutions at all levels is expected to be put into practice soon.It is advisable to optimize the organization and management model and financial appropriation management system such as by shifting from county level institution to district level institution and carrying out a wage system in drug control institutes in accordance with the payment level of civil servants,etc.

The study investigated the effects of red clover extract (RCE) on mouse T macrophages and lymphocytes in vitro. The cell toxic effect of RCE was estimated by MTT assay. Multiple-fluorescence staining plus flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of RCE on CD69/CD25/CD71 expression of mouse T lymphocytes stimulated by Con A; CFDA-SE staining plus flow cytometry were used to analyze the effect of RCE on proliferation of T lymphocytes activated by Con A; The effect of RCE on nitric oxide(NO) secretion of mouse macrophages stimulated by lipopelysaccharide (LPS) for 24 h was assayed by Griess reagent system. We found that RCE had potent anti-inflammatory effects on mice. RCE had littl ecell toxic effect on mouse lymphocytes and macrophages. RCE strongly inhibited the excessive production of inflammatory mediators ( NO, CD69, CD25, CD71 ), in a dose-dependent manner, like cyclosporine A injection. RCE could inhibit proliferation of CD3<'+> T lymphocytes. These data suggested that RCE migh texhibit anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation and proliferation of mouse lymphocytes and the NO secretion of mouse macrophages.

Object To study the volatile constituents in the TCM preparation "Pao Chai Pill" made in Yangcheng (Guangzhou) (YPCP) in comparison with that made in Hongkong (HPCP) to gain some insight for the renewal of YPCP to a new dosage form Methods The volatile constituents were extracted with the aid of ultrasonic wave in organic solvent, and identified by GC-MS and elucidated on the standard MS data Their relative contents in percentage were calculated by area normalization Results 24 and 20 volatile constituents were identified in YPCP and HPCP respectively Conclusion YPCP showed more rich in sesquiterpene lactones but less sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene alcohols than HPCP

Objective To explore the operation timing and technique selection of floating knee injury in children.Methods According to Letts types,36 cases were divided into 5 types.The function outcome in every group was compared by Karlstrorm criterion according operation timing or technique selection respectively.Results Thirty-six cases were followed up for an average of 25 months(19 to 84 months).The rate of excellent and good results accounted for 94.12%(16/17) in one stage operation,78.95%(15/19)in stages,60%(6/10)in 2 stages,respectively.Conclusions It may be recommended to treat children with floating knee injury with open reduction intenal fixation or external fixation.The best operation time shall be urgent treatment of both femur and tibia fracture.

Objective To evaluate the application of the binary Logistic regression model to analyze ultrasonographie indexes of the solid breast tumors. Methods The indexes of two dimensional gray scale ultrasonography,two dimensional color Doppler flow imaging,three dimensional gray scale ultrasonography, three dimensional color Doppler flow imaging and ultrasonic elastography were evaluated in 151 breast lesions confirmed by surgical pathology. A Logistic regression model for predicting breast rnalignaney on the basis of ultrasonographic indexes was obtained. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the Logistic regression model. Results Six ultrasonic indexes were finally entering the Logistic regression model. They were elasticity score, shape,internal echo, RI, enhancement of posterior acoustic alteration and the converging pattern in the coronal plane. The area under the ROC curve was 0. 996. The percentage correct of prediction was 97.35 %. Conclusions The multivariate analysis model of binary Logistic regression can describe and analyze the process of differential diagnosis of malignant and benign solid breast tumors by ultrasonography and can select out the valuable indexes of differential diagnosis.

Objective To explore the influence of different positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular autoregulation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods A prospective study was conducted.Moderate or severe ARDS patients admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital from January 1st,2013 to October 1st,2013 were enrolled.The changes in hemodynamics,respiratory mechanics and gas exchange under different levels of PEEP were observed.CBF velocity of middle cerebral artery (MCA) was measured using transcranial Doppler (TCD),and breath-holding index (BHI) was also calculated.Results 35 patients with ARDS were included.The oxygenation index (OI),peak inspiratory pressure (PIP),plat pressure (Pplat) and central venous pressure (CVP) were markedly elevated [OI (mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa):324.7± 117.2 vs.173.4± 95.8,t=5.913,P=0.000; PIP (cmH2O):34.7 ± 9.1 vs.26.1 ± 7.9,t=4.222,P=0.000; Pplat (cmH2O):30.5 ± 8.4 vs.22.2 ± 7.1,t=4.465,P=0.000; CVP (mmHg):12.1 ± 3.5 vs.8.8 ± 2.2,t=4.723,P=0.000] when PEEP was increased from (6.4 ± 1.0) cmH2O to (14.5-± 2.0) cmH2O (1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa).But no significant difference in the heart rate (beats/min:85.5 ± 19.1 vs.82.7 ± 17.3,t=0.643,P=0.523),mean arterial pressure (mmHg:73.5 ± 12.4 vs.76.4 ± 15.1,t=0.878,P=0.383) and CBF velocity of MCA [peak systohc flow velocity (Vmax,cm/s):91.26 ± 17.57 vs.96.64 ± 18.71,t=1.240,P=0.219; diastolic flow velocity (Vmin,cm/s) 31.54 ±7.71 vs.33.87 ±8.53,t=1.199,P=0.235; mean velocity (Vmean,cm/s) 51.19 ± 12.05 vs.54.27 ± 13.36,t=1.013,P=0.315] was found.18 patients with BHI＜0.1 at baseline demonstrated that cerebral vasomotor reactivity was poor.BHI was slightly decreased with increase in PEEP (0.78 ± 0.16 vs.0.86 ± 0.19,t=1.905,P=0.061).Conclusions Some of moderate or severe ARDS patients without central nervous system disease have independent of preexisting cerebral autoregulation impairment.However,independent of preexisting cerebral autoregulation may not further be impaired when a high PEEP was chosen.

[ ABSTRACT] AIM:To study the effect of thrombopoietin ( TPO) on chemical hypoxia-induced apoptosis of the Rattus norvegicus adrenal pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells.METHODS:The cultured PC12 cells were randomly divided into normal control group, cobalt chloride ( CoCl2 ) group, CoCl2 +TPO group and TPO group.The cell viability was mea-sured by MTT assay.The effect of TPO on CoCl2-induced cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI double staining.The intracellular reactive oxygen species ( ROS) were detected by fluorescence microscopy, and the chan-ges of the mitochondrial membrane potential ( MMT) were determined by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.RE-SULTS:Chemical oxygen agent CoCl2 significantly inhibited the growth of PC12 cells (P<0.01).The apoptotic rate in CoCl2 group was obviously higher than that in control group ( P<0.05) , while the apoptotic rate in CoCl2 +TPO group was obviously lower than that in CoCl2 group (P<0.05).TPO decreased the production of ROS, and inhibited the decrease in MMP induced by CoCl2(P<0.01).CONCLUSION: TPO has a protective effect against CoCl2-induced apoptosis of PC12 cells by decreasing the production of ROS and inhibiting the decrease in MMP.

Objective To explore a feasible and effective method of purse-string suture and traction in proce- dures for prolapse and hemorrhoids(PPH)with circular stapler.Methods Width of resected mucosal band and ex- tent of residual hemorrhoid mucosal lifting were compared between two groups of patients with hemorrhoids receiv- ing PPH with“two-point retraction”method(group one,110 cases)and other retraction methods(group two,40 cas- es).Results For group one of 110 cases with“two-point retraetion”,resected mucosal band of all cases were intact and and average width ranged from 3.5 to 5cm.There was a completely residual hemorrhoid mucosal lifting(com- plete return of prolapsed hemorrhoid into the anal canal)in 100 cases of group one(91%).But in group two with other retraction methods,average width of resected mucosal bands ranged from 0.2 to 3.5cm and there was an in- complete band in 10 cases(25%).The rate of mucosal lifting in this group was only 62.5%(19/40).Conclusion Two-point retraction is a feasible,effective and simple method in PPH,resulting in an intact resected mucosal band and sufficient hemorrhoid mucosal lifting.So the two-point retraction PPH is worth to be extended for application.