The aim of this study is to develop the Tripterygium glycosides nanoemulsion gels and investigate its pharmacodynamics. Oleic acid was used as oil phase, polyoxyethylene castor oil as surfaetant, and 1,2-propanediol as cosurfactant to screen the formula of Tripterygium glycoside nanoemulsion using the pseudo-temary phase diagrams. Then the nanoemulsion gels was prepared. The ICR mouse ears were sensitazated by 7% DNCB, and then were excited by 0.3% DNCB to stimulate the model of mouse chronic dermatitis and eczema. The concentrations of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-8 in mouse blood were determined by ELISA. The results showed that Tripterygium glycosides nanoemulsion gels could significantly inhibit the swelling of mouse ears(P < 0.01) and ameliorate the edama and erythema of model mouse ears skin. Also it could significantly decrease the expression of IFN-γ and IL-4 in model mouse blood. Tripterygium glycosides nanoemulsion gels had a good therapeutic effect on mouse model of dermatitis and eczema. It was expected to provide a new and long-acting exterernal preparation for the treatment of dermatitis and eczema.
Animals ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; instrumentation ; methods ; Dermatitis ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Emulsions ; chemistry ; Female ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; Humans ; Interleukin-4 ; immunology ; Interleukin-8 ; immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Tripterygium ; chemistry

Aim The relative bioavailability of domestic ibudilast sustained release capsules in healthy volunteers was observed.Methods A single oral dose of 20 mg of imported and domestic ibudilast sustained release capsules and 10 mg of ibudilast raw material was separately given to 12 healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study. Ibudilast concentration in plasma was determined by HPLC method.Results The Cmax were (54.9?9.7),(60.7?9.1) and (62.2?11.5) ?g?L-1; the tmax were (3.8?0.8),(3.9?0.8) and (1.8?0.3) h;the t1/2(ke) were (1.5?1.4),(12.1?1.0) and (3.5?0.5) h,and the AUC(0～t) were (618.1?57.7),(588.1?66.6) and (233.0?46.4) ?g?h?L-1 in imported capsule group, domestic capsule group and raw material group respectively. The relative bioavailability of domestic sustained release capsules of ibudilast is (95.6?11.0)%. Conclusion The results of statistical analysis demonstrate that the imported and domestic sustained capsules have significant character of significantly sustained release and are bioequivalent.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of topical corticosteroid for treatment of moderate or severe dry eye.

METHODSSixty eyes of 30 patients with moderate or severe dry eye, who were not sensitive to artificial tears, were treated with 0.1% fluorometholone eye drops. Subjective symptom and objective tests were used to evaluate the efficacy of treatment before and after application of 0.1% fluorometholone eye drops for 1 week and 1 month. Side effects were also evaluated.

RESULTSAfter 1 week of treatment, subjective symptoms were improved in all dry eye patients; objective tests were improved in all dry eye patients 1 month after treatment, and the difference was significant.

CONCLUSIONTopical corticosteroid drops can rapidly and effectively relieve the symptoms and signs of moderate or severe dry eye.

Administration, Topical ; Adult ; Dry Eye Syndromes ; drug therapy ; Female ; Fluorometholone ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Glucocorticoids ; administration & dosage ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo investigate the time and postoperative binocular vision of strabismus surgery for children with intermittent exotropia (X(T)).

METHODSA retrospective investigation was conducted in 80 child patients with intermittent exotropia. Pre- and postoperative angles of deviation fixating at near (33 cm) and distant targets (6 m) were measured with the prolonged alternate cover testing. The binocular function was assessed with synoptophore. Twenty-one patients took the postoperative synoptophore exercise.

RESULTS(1) A week after surgery, 96.2% of the 80 patients had binocular normotopia, while a year after surgery, 91.3% of the 80 patients had binocular normotopia; (2) Preoperatively, 58 patients had near stereoacuity, while postoperatively, 72 patients achieved near stereoacuity (P<0.05); (3) Preoperatively, 64 patients had Grade I for the synoptophore evaluation and postoperatively, 76 patients achieved Grade I. Meanwhile, 55 patients had Grade II preoperatively and 72 achieved Grade II postoperatively. For Grade III, there were 49 patients preoperatively and 64 patients postoperatively (P<0.05); (4) Patients of 5-8 years old had a significantly better recovery rate of binocular vision than those of 9-18 years old (P<0.05); (5) Patients taking postoperative synoptophore exercise had a better binocular vision than those taking no exercise (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS(1) Strabismus surgery can help to preserve or restore the binocular vision for intermittent exotropia; (2) Receiving the surgery at young ages may develop better postoperative binocular vision; (3) The postoperative synoptophore exercise can help to restore the binocular vision.

Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exotropia ; physiopathology ; surgery ; therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Vision, Binocular

Objective Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD)used to be evaluated by an-alyzing the characteristics of the brain gray matter via diffuse tensor imaging (DTI).This study was to characterize the damage to the mi-crostructural integrity of the brain gray matter in aMCI and AD patients using the mean diffusivity ( MD) of DTI and to investigateits transformation rules. Methods This retrospective study included 30 cases ofaMCI, 30 cases of AD, and another 30 normal controls. We measured the MD values of the whole brain gray matter , established the MD network of the water molecules in the gray matter , char-acterized the small-world network, and performed correlation analysis by neuropsychological assessment . Results Compared with the normal controls, the MDnetworks of the aMCI and AD groupsexhibited abnormal small world characteristics , namely, a higher clustering coefficient and a longer path , which reflected the damage to themicrostructure of the gray matter , and theaverage connectivity in the aMCI patients was lowerthan that in thenormal controls but higher than that in the AD group ( P<0.05) .The MD values of the gray matter were negatively correlated with the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale scores in the 11 hub regions of the brain , including the bilateral hippo-campus and the limbic system ( P<0.05) . Conclusion The diffusion feature of the water molecules in the brain gray matter of the aMCIpatient may help to detect early ADand reflect the damage to the brain microstructure in patients with neurodegenerative diseases .

OBJECTIVETo evaluate tear film stability and tear secretion in patients with diabetes after phacoemulsification.

METHODSTwenty-five diabetic cataract patients and 20 age-matched non-diabetic cataract patients as control underwent phacoemulsification. Tear film break-up time (TFBUT), Schirmer I test (SIT), corneal fluorescein staining, and dry eye symptoms were measured pre- and postoperatively.

RESULTSDiabetics had a decreased preoperative TFBUT and SIT. TFBUT was reduced on Day 1 and recovered on Day 180 postoperatively in both groups. SIT was increased after phacoemulsification, but returned to preoperative levels by Day 180 in non-diabetics, whereas it was lower than preoperative level in diabetics. Positive corneal fluorescein staining was elevated in both groups, and returned to preoperative levels only in controls. Dry eye symptoms were similar to fluorescein staining in both groups.

CONCLUSIONTear secretion was reduced in diabetic cataract patients after phacoemulsification, which worsened dry eye symptoms and predisposed those patients to ocular damage.

Aged ; Aging ; Cataract ; therapy ; Cornea ; pathology ; Diabetes Complications ; pathology ; therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus ; pathology ; Female ; Fluorescein ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Lacrimal Apparatus ; pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phacoemulsification ; Tears ; Time Factors

BACKGROUNDFundus changes associated with high myopia (HM) may mask those associated with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). This study aim to determine the characteristics of RNFL thickness changes in patients with both POAG and HM and compare these to changes in patients with only HM. The diagnostic capabilities of both OCT and GDxVCC in this subset of patients are also evaluated.

METHODSTwenty-two eyes with POAG and HM (spherical equivalent (SE) between -6.0 and -12.0 D) were evaluated, and 22 eyes with HM were used for comparison. Characteristic retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness profiles in patients with POAG and HM were examined using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser polarimetry with variable corneal compensation (GDxVCC), and the diagnostic capabilities of these imaging modalities were compared. RNFL parameters evaluated included superior average (Savg-GDx), inferior average (Iavg-GDx), temporal-superior-nasal- inferior-temporal (TSNIT) average, and nerve fiber indicator (NFI) on GDxVCC and superior average (Savg-OCT), inferior average (Iavg-OCT), nasal average (Navg-OCT), temporal average (Tavg-OCT), and average thickness (AvgThick-OCT) on OCT (fast RNFL scan). Visual field testing was performed and defects were evaluated using mean defect (MD) and pattern standard deviation (PSD).

RESULTSThe RNFL parameters (P < 0.05) significantly different between groups included Savg-GDx, Iavg-GDx, TSNIT average, NFI, Savg-OCT, Iavg-OCT, Tavg-OCT, and AvgThick-OCT. Significant correlations existed between TSNIT average and AvgThick-OCT (r = 0.778), TSNIT average and MD (r = 0.749), AvgThick-OCT and MD (r = 0.647), TSNIT average and PSD (r = -0.756), and AvgThick-OCT and PSD (r = -0.784). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values of TSNIT average, Savg-GDx, Iavg-GDx, NFI, Savg-OCT, Iavg-OCT, Navg-OCT, Tavg-OCT, and AvgThick-OCT were 0.947, 0.962, 0.973, 0.994, 0.909, 0.917, 0.511, 0.906, and 0.913, respectively. The NFI AUROC was the highest value.

CONCLUSIONSRNFL thickness was significantly lower in all but the nasal quadrant in patients with POAG and HM, compared to patients with only HM. Measurements with OCT and GDxVCC were well-correlated, and both modalities detected RNFL thickness changes. However, GDxVCC was better than OCT in detecting POAG in HM patients.

Adult ; Female ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; pathology ; Humans ; Male ; Myopia ; pathology ; Nerve Fibers ; pathology ; Retinal Neurons ; pathology ; Scanning Laser Polarimetry ; methods ; Tomography, Optical Coherence ; methods

BACKGROUNDIntractable secondary glaucoma with severe ocular contusion involving the posterior segment is difficult to treat. In this study, we evaluated the safety and efficacy of combined trabeculectomy and vitrectomy for intractable glaucoma with severe ocular contusion involving the posterior segment.

METHODSThis retrospective interventional study enrolled 18 eyes from 18 consecutive cases with uncontrolled intraocular pressure, angle recession exceeding 180°, dense vitreous hemorrhage, and/or limited retinal detachment after severe ocular contusion. Combined trabeculectomy and vitrectomy was performed after giving the patient sufficient anti-inflammatory and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medication. Follow-up averaged 26.2 (range, 6.0- 48.0) months.

RESULTSThe mean IOP decreased from (36.4 ± 10.0) mmHg on maximum IOP-lowering medications to (14.6 ± 4.4) mmHg on (0.7 ± 1.2) topical medications at the final follow-up (P < 0.0001). During the first postoperative month, four eyes (22%) had a short hypertensive phase and six eyes (33%) had early hypotony, including one case (5.6%) of bleb leakage. Seven eyes (39%) developed recurrent hypertension 3- 6 months postoperatively, five of which were controlled by topical medications. Ten (55.6%) eyes were classified as a complete success, five (27.8%) as a qualified success, and three eyes (16.7%) as failures. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for complete and cumulative success showed 53.5% and 80.0% survival at 48 months, respectively. Visual acuity was improved in 15 eyes (83.3%). Three eyes (16.7%) had unchanged visual acuity, one (5.6%) of which developed atrophia bulbi despite a normal intraocular pressure. No recurrent retinal detachment or vitreous hemorrhage developed.

CONCLUSIONCombined trabeculectomy and vitrectomy is a viable surgical procedure for the management of intractable glaucoma with severe ocular contusion involving the posterior segment in selected cases.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Glaucoma ; physiopathology ; surgery ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; physiology ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Trabeculectomy ; methods ; Vitrectomy ; methods

Objective To construct three-dimensional finite element model of lumbar spondylolysis,then to verify its validity by comparison of biomechanics in vitro.Method According to the radiological data of a patient with lumbar spondylolysis,the bone and intervertebral disc of L4-S1 were reconstructed by Simpleware software.The lumbar attaching ligaments and articular capsule were added into simulating model by Ansys software.The three-dimensional finite element model of lumbar spondylolysis was finally simulated successfully,and validated by lumbar spondylolysis biomechanical experiment in vitro.Results The reconstruction of digital model contained the bones of lumbar spine which include vertebral cortical bone,cancellous bone,facet joint,pedicle,lamina,transverse process and spinous process,as well as the annulus fibrosus,nucleus pulposus,superior and inferior end-plates.Besides,anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments,flavum ligament,supraspinal and interspinal ligaments and articular capsule of facet joint are also attached.The model consisted of 281,261 nodes and 661,150 elements.Imitation of spondylolysis is well done in this model.The validity of the model was verified by comparison of the results of biomechanics in vitro which involved in the trends under loading of stress/strain of L4 inferior facet process,L5 superior and inferior facet process,S1 superior facet process and the trends of stress/strain of lateral and medial L4 inferior facet process.Conclusions Three-dimensional model of lumbar spondylolysis is reconstructed using finite element analysis,and can be further used in the research in biomechanics of lumbar spondylolysis.

Objective To construct three-dimensional finite element model of lumbar spondylolysis,then to verify its validity by comparison of biomechanics in vitro.Method According to the radiological data of a patient with lumbar spondylolysis,the bone and intervertebral disc of L4-S1 were reconstructed by Simpleware software.The lumbar attaching ligaments and articular capsule were added into simulating model by Ansys software.The three-dimensional finite element model of lumbar spondylolysis was finally simulated successfully,and validated by lumbar spondylolysis biomechanical experiment in vitro.Results The reconstruction of digital model contained the bones of lumbar spine which include vertebral cortical bone,cancellous bone,facet joint,pedicle,lamina,transverse process and spinous process,as well as the annulus fibrosus,nucleus pulposus,superior and inferior end-plates.Besides,anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments,flavum ligament,supraspinal and interspinal ligaments and articular capsule of facet joint are also attached.The model consisted of 281,261 nodes and 661,150 elements.Imitation of spondylolysis is well done in this model.The validity of the model was verified by comparison of the results of biomechanics in vitro which involved in the trends under loading of stress/strain of L4 inferior facet process,L5 superior and inferior facet process,S1 superior facet process and the trends of stress/strain of lateral and medial L4 inferior facet process.Conclusions Three-dimensional model of lumbar spondylolysis is reconstructed using finite element analysis,and can be further used in the research in biomechanics of lumbar spondylolysis.