OBJECTIVE:To provide references for Chinese drug distribution reform.METHODS:The drug distribution model in USA was briefly introduced and compared with that in China.The difficulties and orientations in Chinese drug distribution reform were put forward.RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:Drug distribution reform should be carried out cautiously.Our government should deal well with the relationships between different interested parties and set up a reimbursement mechanism in medical institutions in order to facilitate the reform.

OBJECTIVE:To further perfect the discipline theory of pharmaceutical administration in China.METHODS:The processes and methods of the discipline theory construction of pharmaceutical administration was studied by deductive theory and‘taking root’theory.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical administration theory is characterized by diverse and empirical,to make it improved,more research work needs to be done.

OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the construction of Chinese pharmaceutical profession associations. METHODS: We analyzed the current situation and problems existing in Chinese pharmaceutical profession association as well as the developmental experience of foreign pharmaceutical associations then put forward suggestions for the development of pharmaceutical profession associations in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The sound development of pharmaceutical profession associations calls for the cooperated efforts of government, profession association and pharmaceutical enterprises, meanwhile its function as bridge and tie between pharmaceutical enterprises and government should be brought into full play.

This article introduces the classifications of medical devices by FDA and EU and compares them with the situation in China. Towards the problems found, several reasonable advices are put forward.
China ; Durable Medical Equipment ; classification

Objective To explore the causes of the misdiagnosis of spontaneous rupture of spleen.Methods 8 cases of spontaneous rupture of spleen during 1986～1998 were reviewed retrospectively.Results 5 cases were misdiagnosed, with the misdiagnosing rate of 62.5%.Conclusion For unknown upper bellyache accompanied with unexplainable loss of blood and with no history of trauma,the patients should be examined by B ultrasound or abdominal puncture should be peformed.If there is pathological process of liver and spleen such as schistosoma and hepatitis or the excessive functioning of spleen,the more attention should be paid to the occurrence of spontaneous rupture of spleen.Furthermore,the increase of the belly pressure caused by satiation or hard labour helps to diagnose such case.

Objective: To evaluate the feasibility of performing muscle-sparing thoracotomy and intercostal sutures in the treatment of upper and/or middle thoracic esophageal cancer for the purpose of tumor control and postoperative quality of life improvement.Methods: Seven patients with esophageal cancer were treated with vertical muscle-sparing thoracotomy and Mckeown esophagectomy.Detailed clinic data were summarized and analyzed with patient follow-up information.Results: Of the 7 patients,five were still alive with a 71.4% five-year survival rate.There were no deaths resulting from the operation in this group.The mean length of thoracic incision was 11 cm.The range of hospital stays was 14 to 25 days,with a mean length of 18 days.No patients complained of impaired shoulder action,and the incision pain was hardly perceived without external stimulation 1 month after operation.Conclusion: Performing the muscle-sparing thoracotomy in the treatment of early-stage esophageal cancer located in the upper and /or middle thoracic segment yields a satisfactory long-term survival rate with an improved life quality in terms of incision pain relief and shoulder function.

Objective To investigate the methods of preoperation diagnosis and treatment of primary gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT).Methods To analyze retrospectively the diagnosis and treatment of 54 cases of MALT lymphoma diagnosed surgically and pathologically.Results The most common symptoms were stomachache or discomfort.Of the patients with MALT lymphoma,85.2%(46/54)cases were diagnosed by preoperation gastroscopy with biopsy.Helicobacter pylori was found in 48 cases(88.9%).The overall resection rate for MALT lymphoma was 87%(47/54).The 5-year and 10-year survival were 77.1% and 72.9%,respectively.Conclusions It is obvious that MALT lymphoma is associated with Helicobacter pylori.Since no specific symptoms in gastric MALT lymphoma,the preoperative diagnosis is relied upon the application of gastrointestinal image,gastroscopy and repeated biopsy.The use of curative resection with the post-operative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy to treat MALT lymphoma is reasonable.

Objective To optimize the formulation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems containing tanshinone ⅡA(tanshinone ⅡA-SMEDDS) and assess the quality of tanshinone ⅡA-SMEDDS. Methods Pseudoternary phase diagrams were used to choose the oil,emulsifier,co-emulsifier,and their proportion in the formulation on the basis of the ability to form emulsions and regions. Then the self-emulsifying time,droplet and morphology,size distribution,?-potential,stability,and other aspects of the quality were evaluated. Results The formulation of tanshinone ⅡA-SMEDDS was as follows:ethyl oleate-Labrasol-PEG 400=10%:45%:45%,drug loading ratio was 2.25 mg/g. The self-microemulsifying time of tanshinone ⅡA-SMEDDS in 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution was less than 1 min,the emulsion drops were spherical shape with average particle size of (84.9?2.1) nm and the average ?-potential (-24.0?1.15) mV (n=3). So tanshinone ⅡA-SMEDDS was stable. Conclusion In this paper,the tanshinone ⅡA-SMEDDS has a good self-emulsifying performance. It is expected to further stabilize the preparation of tanshinone ⅡA self-microemulsifying agents.

Objective To investigate the effects of inhibitor of growth 4(ING4)on the proliferation,migration and the expression of angiogenesis related factors such as VEGF,MMP-2,MMP-9 in endothelial cells. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)were cultured in vitro;ING4 plasmid and siRNA were constructed and transfected to HUVECs;the proliferation of HUVECs was evaluated by MTT assay;the ability of migration was evaluated by Transwell assay;real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of mRNA and pro-tein of angiogenesis related factors such as VEGF,MMP-2,and MMP-9. Results MTT and Transwell assay showed that ING4 has the ability to inhibit the proliferation and migration of HUVECs,and the results of real-time PCR and Western blotting proved that ING4 can inhibit the expres-sion of angiogenesis related factors such as VEGF,MMP-2,and MMP-9. Conclusion ING4 can inhibit the proliferation and migration of HU-VECs,down-regulate the expression of angiogenesis related factors such as VEGF,MMP-2,MMP-9,and inhibit angiogenesis.

Objective To survey the incidence of adverse reaction induced by traditional Chinese medicine injection and provide valuable suggestion for using traditional Chinese medicine injection.Methods Clinical data of 1860 patients who were under treatment of traditional Chinese medicine injection during January 2010 to December 2014 were studied to survey adverse reaction incidence, effected system-organs and risk factors of adverse reaction.Results Comparison of incidence adverse reaction of traditional Chinese medicine injection, Qingkailing injection adverse occurrence rate reached the highest 11.76% for all types, followed by Shenmai injection and Shuanghuanglian injection.Adverse reactions involving the organ and the performance was compared, adverse reactions mainly involved the organs for the skin and accessories, circulatory system, accounting for 56.15%, the incidence of adverse reactions of the rest of the organ system was less.Not determine the treatment based on differentiation of symptoms and signs, combined with injection, ultra treatment application and distribution of liquid static for a long time all differences were statistically significant ( P <0.05), leading to the main risk factors of the occurrence of adverse reactions.Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine injections occurred and the incidence of adverse reactions was higher, wider range, organ involvement mainly skin and its appendages and circulatory system, not dialectical treatment and rational drug use is lead to adverse risk factors, actively preventment and timely treatment to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.