OBJECTIVE:To further perfect the discipline theory of pharmaceutical administration in China.METHODS:The processes and methods of the discipline theory construction of pharmaceutical administration was studied by deductive theory and‘taking root’theory.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The pharmaceutical administration theory is characterized by diverse and empirical,to make it improved,more research work needs to be done.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for Chinese drug distribution reform.METHODS:The drug distribution model in USA was briefly introduced and compared with that in China.The difficulties and orientations in Chinese drug distribution reform were put forward.RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:Drug distribution reform should be carried out cautiously.Our government should deal well with the relationships between different interested parties and set up a reimbursement mechanism in medical institutions in order to facilitate the reform.

OBJECTIVE:To facilitate the construction of Chinese pharmaceutical profession associations. METHODS: We analyzed the current situation and problems existing in Chinese pharmaceutical profession association as well as the developmental experience of foreign pharmaceutical associations then put forward suggestions for the development of pharmaceutical profession associations in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: The sound development of pharmaceutical profession associations calls for the cooperated efforts of government, profession association and pharmaceutical enterprises, meanwhile its function as bridge and tie between pharmaceutical enterprises and government should be brought into full play.

This article introduces the classifications of medical devices by FDA and EU and compares them with the situation in China. Towards the problems found, several reasonable advices are put forward.
China ; Durable Medical Equipment ; classification

Objective To survey the incidence of adverse reaction induced by traditional Chinese medicine injection and provide valuable suggestion for using traditional Chinese medicine injection.Methods Clinical data of 1860 patients who were under treatment of traditional Chinese medicine injection during January 2010 to December 2014 were studied to survey adverse reaction incidence, effected system-organs and risk factors of adverse reaction.Results Comparison of incidence adverse reaction of traditional Chinese medicine injection, Qingkailing injection adverse occurrence rate reached the highest 11.76% for all types, followed by Shenmai injection and Shuanghuanglian injection.Adverse reactions involving the organ and the performance was compared, adverse reactions mainly involved the organs for the skin and accessories, circulatory system, accounting for 56.15%, the incidence of adverse reactions of the rest of the organ system was less.Not determine the treatment based on differentiation of symptoms and signs, combined with injection, ultra treatment application and distribution of liquid static for a long time all differences were statistically significant ( P <0.05), leading to the main risk factors of the occurrence of adverse reactions.Conclusion Traditional Chinese medicine injections occurred and the incidence of adverse reactions was higher, wider range, organ involvement mainly skin and its appendages and circulatory system, not dialectical treatment and rational drug use is lead to adverse risk factors, actively preventment and timely treatment to reduce the incidence of adverse reactions.

Objective To explore the causes of the misdiagnosis of spontaneous rupture of spleen.Methods 8 cases of spontaneous rupture of spleen during 1986～1998 were reviewed retrospectively.Results 5 cases were misdiagnosed, with the misdiagnosing rate of 62.5%.Conclusion For unknown upper bellyache accompanied with unexplainable loss of blood and with no history of trauma,the patients should be examined by B ultrasound or abdominal puncture should be peformed.If there is pathological process of liver and spleen such as schistosoma and hepatitis or the excessive functioning of spleen,the more attention should be paid to the occurrence of spontaneous rupture of spleen.Furthermore,the increase of the belly pressure caused by satiation or hard labour helps to diagnose such case.

There are multiple sophisticated approaches that can be used in estimations on health effects resulting from environmental pollution. By comparison, human capital approach and averted expenditure approach are not suitable to be the first choice because of the insufficient capability of capturing all aspects of health effects. Date availability and estimation extrapolation limit the application of hedonic wage approach and hedonic price approach. It has been accepted universally for the flexible technique provided by contingent valuation approach that any health effects can be separately evaluated depending on researchers' purposes. Based on the powerful macroeconomic theory, general equilibrium theory, the CGE model is powerful to simulate the mechanism of interaction between multi-sectors with a national economic system so as to objectively reflect the health impacts on national economy due to environmental pollution.

OBJECTIVE:To put forward strategies to evolve the current drug bidding system.METHODS:The objective and efficacy of the drug bidding system was analyzed;and the reasons for the poor efficacy of the system were analyzed using the information asymmetry theory in economics,and the system was compared with its US counterpart.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The drug bidding system in China should adopt such model in which the payers are chosen as agency and charge from the entrusting party.It is a systematic project to standardize drug circulation channels,reduce drug price and reduce the burden of patient,which can't be tackled by drug bidding system only.

OBJECTIVE:To compare between China and WHO the difference of the Essential Medicine List(EML).METHODS:The relation and differences between China and WHO were analyzed by comparing the background,the classification system and quantity of Essential Medicines.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Chinese EML is based on WHO EML,and these two EMLs are congenetic.But there are some differences between China and WHO in classification system,quantity and content of Essential medicines.We should modify and issue EML according to the situation of our country by referring to WHO EML.

OBJECTIVE: To put forward proposals for improving essential medicines system in China.METHODS: The problems existing in the essential medicine system in China and the successful experience of some other countries were analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Considering the current medical economy level and the capacity on research & development(R&D) of drugs,China should draw inspiration from WHO and other developed countries about their successful experiences on essential drugs to improve the screening methods for essential medicines list,assign legal status for essential medicines and build up system of production,procurement and distribution of essential medicines according to the basic national situation of our country and finally establish the essential medicine system suitable to our country's condition.