Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Male ; Salmonella Infections ; Salmonella enterica

Objective To study the effects of intragastric ice water stimulation on bowel sensitivity, mast cells (MCs), the serum contents of serotonin (5-HT), leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ), histamine(HA)and bradykinin (BK) in rats, and explore the possible pathogenesis of cold drinks-induced irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods 40 Wistar rats aged 4 weeks were randomly divided into two groups. Twenty rats of group A as experimental group were gavaged 0-4℃ ice water for 14 days, and the rats of group C as control group were not treated. On day 28, the group A and group C were again divided into two subgroups, respectively, i.e. A1, A2, C1, and C2. In the rats of subgroups A1 and C1, a balloon was introduced into the rectum of each animal, and number of abdominal withdrawal reflexes (AWR) was recorded after the balloon was distended for 3 minutes to assess bowel sensitivity. One hour after rectal distention, blood sample of each rat was collected from the heart for the measurement of the contents of 5-HT, LTB 4 , HA and BK in serum by enzyme linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Tissues harvested from the ileocecal junction and colon were sectioned and stained with haematoxylin-eosin (HE) for routine pathological examination, and with the improved toluidine blue method for the identification of MCs. Results The number of AWR to 1.0ml balloon distention in subgroup A 1 was significantly lower than that in subgroup C 1 (P0.05). Routine pathological examination did not show abnormality in both subgroups. In group A 1 , the numbers of MCs in the ileocecal junction and colon were significantly higher than those of group C 1 (P0.05). Conclusion The stimulation of the stomach with ice water results in lowering of bowel sensitivity, increase of MCs and elevation of serum contents of 5-HT, LTB 4 and HA, and the results might imply that cold stimulation of the stomach might play a role in the pathogenesis of IBS.

Objective To investigate the quality of life(QOL),gastrointestinal symptoms and mental status of patients with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS),and to find out the possible factors affecting the patients' QOL.Methods The questionnaires which included three forms were sent to 55 IBS patients and 40 healthy controls recruited from the authors' clinical department.IBS was diagnosed according to the Rome II criteria,and patients with organic diseases were excluded from this study.The nine-item scores of QOL in all cases were calculated by using the disease-specific form included in the questionnaire of QOL.The mental-psychological status in all cases was evaluated by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HAD).The gastrointestinal symptoms in IBS patients were recorded and graded according to the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale(GSRS).The data mentioned above were analyzed with regression model.Results Patients with IBS had statistically significant lower scores(P

Since the beginning of 973 plans and major scientific research programs,the ministry of science and technology has organized the implementation of a number of major projects under the principle guidance of top-level design,co-ordinate arrangements,advantage integration and dynamic adjustment.Prominent advance of technology and expansion of innovation capacity has become possible with the success of those major projects.As a dominant force of basic science research,universities took part in the designing and implementing of most of 973 major scientific research programs.In this paper,participating universities,such as Peking University,Tsinghua University,Fudan University,Zhejiang University,Shanghai Jiaotong University,University of Science and Technology of China,Nanjing University,were analyzed in their roles played in those projects,and the questions of how universities should make the adjustment to their planning and management to meet the requirements of future national research programs were discussed.

As an important member of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR), metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) plays an important role in the signal transduction of central nervous system. Selective mGluR1 antagonists can block the signaling pathway activated by mGluR1 and exert a series of physiological actions including analgesia, antianxiety, antidepression, etc. Currently, the discovery and modification of selective mGluR1 antagonists have become a hot research focus. This paper reviews the structural catalogs of selective mGluR1 antagonists and their structure-activity relationships in the last decade.

Objective:To investigate the differences in related indices of ulcerative colitis (UC) respectively induced by free drinking and intragastric administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in mice to provide experimental reference for the optimization of UC model.Methods:Totally 30 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the normal control group,free drinking group and intragastric administration group with 10 ones in each.The mice drank water freely with free drinking or intragastric administration of 3% DSS solution at the dose of 4 g·kg-1·day-1 for 7 days to establish the UC model.The differences in disease activity index (DAI),histological damage sore and activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) among the groups were compared.Results:Two mice died during the experiment in the free drinking group,and DAI of survival mice was (8.8±1.6).There was no death of mice in intragastric administration group,and DAI was (9.0±0.8),and there was no significant difference in DAI between the groups (P>0.05),while the coefficient of variation in the free drinking group was higher than that in the intragastric administration group (18.7 vs 8.6).The colonic histological damage score of the free drinking group and the intragastric administration group was 24.8±4.2 and 27.0±2.8,respectively,which was typical inflammatory change with no significant difference (P>0.05),while the coefficient of variation of the free drinking group was higher than that of the intragastric administration group (16.9 vs 10.4).MPO of the normal control group,free drinking group and intragastric administration group was (0.41±0.03),(2.32±0.34) and (2.05±0.18) U·g-1,respectively.Compared with the normal control group,significant difference in MPO was shown in the free drinking group and the intragastric administration group (P<0.01),while there was no significant difference in MPO between the groups (P>0.05),and the coefficient of variation in the free drinking group was higher than that in the intragastric administration group (14.7 vs 8.8).Conclusion:Both free drinking and intragastric administration of DSS can successfully induce the UC model in mice.Compared with the free drinking group,the intragastric administration group has low mortality rate and low coefficient of variation.Therefore,intragastric administration has more advantages than free drinking in inducing the UC model in mice.

Ginkgo bilobaL. is one of the most common used medicinal plants worldwide. The mainly medicinal parts are dry leaf and dry seed. Root and stem also have medicinal value. It has been only found in the wild in Tianmu Mountain, Zhejiang Province, China, while cultivated in a much wider area. Since ginkgo is an important plant resources, a comprehensive overview is necessary, which can help understand the current status and the development trends. In this study, the patent information fromEspacenet and World Traditional Medicine Databaseis used to outline the technology development of ginkgo in the perspective of invention patents. The results showed that ginkgo development currently in the early or mid-term maturity period. Ginkgo got the best development in China. Most international exchange of intellectual property happened in United States. More attention has been paid to the development ofG. biloba leaf. Ginkgo’s medicinal application and compatibility were also analyzed in this study.

Objective To investigate the effect of RO20-1724 on the cognitive function in immature rats after ketamine anesthesia.Methods Ninety-six SD rats of both sexes,aged 21 days,weighing 45-55 kg,were randomly divided into 8 groups ( n =12 each):control group (group C) ; ketamine group (group K) ; ketamine + normal saline group (group K + N) ; ketamine + anhydrous alcohol group (group K + A) ; ketamine + 4 different doses of RO20-1724 groups (group K + R1-4 ).The rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of kctamine 70 mg/kg in groups K,K+N,K+A and K+.R1-4.Normal saline 2 ml,anhydrous alcohol (in normal saline 2 ml),and RO20-1724 0.25,0.50,0.75 and 1.00 mg/kg (in anhydrous alcohol 8 μl and then in normal saline 2 ml) were injected intraperitoneally in groups K + N,K + A and K + R1-4 respectively 30 min later.Six rats from each group were randomly selected at 24 h after administration and Morris water maze was used to test the ability of learning and memory.Six rats from each group were sacrificed at 48 h after administration and hippocampus and cerebral cortex were removed for determination of the expression of CREB and phospho-CREB (p-CREB) by Western blot.Ressults Compared with group C,the escape latency was significantly prolonged at 2-4 days after administration,the number of animals' swimming across the platform decreased,and the expression of CREB and pCREB in hippocampus and cerebral cortex down-regulated in groups K,K+ N,K+ E,K+ R1 and K+ R2(P ＜0.05 ).Compared with group K,the escape latency was significantly shortened at 2-4 days after administration,the number of animals' swimming across the platform increased,and the expression of CREB and p-CREB in hippocampus and cerebral cortex up-regulated in groups K + R3 and K + R4 ( P ＜ 0.05).Compared with groups K + R1 and K + R2,the escape latency was significantly shortened at 2-4 days after administration,the number of animals' swimming across the platform increased,and the expression of CREB and p-CREB in hippocampus and cerebral cortex up-regulated in groups K+ R3 and K+ P4(P ＜ 0.05).There were no significant differences in the escape latency,the number of animals' swimming across the platform,and the expression of CREB and p-CREB in hippocampus and cerebral cortex between groups K + R1 and K + R2,and between groups K + R3 and K + R4 ( P ＞ 0.05 ).Conclusion RO20-1724 0.75-1.00 mg/kg can improve ketamine-induced cognitive dysfunction by up-regulating CREB and p-CREB expression in hippocampus and cerebral cortex in immature rats.

Congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunt easily lead to pulmonary hypertension.Currently agreed about its mechanism:shear stress induced by high pulmonary blood flow stimulus pulmonary endothelium,to start regulation of genetic transcription,to initiate a series of molecular biology and pathophysiology changes,and finally to lead to pulmonary vascular pathologic remolding.Nuclear factor(NF)-?B is a kind of nuclear factor with multiple biological effect and play an important role in pulmonary vascular remolding.NF-?B signal can be actiacted by high blood flow.Its target gene products,for example,vasoactive mediators,cytokines,make pulmonary vessels difficulty to maintain the normal structure and cause pulmonary vascular contraction and remolding,thus,pulmonary arterial pressure increases.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the calcium ion and the effects of ECA on the contraction of the smooth muscles of Oncomelania foot, and explore the mechanism of ECA in decreasing the snail climbing adhesion and increasing snail-killing. Method The in vitro experiment was used to observe the effects of ECA on contraction activities of foot smooth muscles of Oncomelania. Results ECA 5. 0, 10. 0, 20. 0 mg/L. enhanced the resting tension, decreased the contraction range and increased the contraction frequency of the foot smooth muscles of Oncomelania in Ringer's solution with or without Ca2+ , with a characteristic of the dose-dependent, but stronger in solution with Ca2+ than that in solution without Ca2+. Conclusions ECA can enhance the resting tension, decrease the contraction range and increase the contraction frequency of the foot smooth muscles of Oncomelania. This suggested that ECA could be related to increasing the intracellular Ca2+ release and influx of the extracellular Ca2+. This could provide an explanation why ECA decreases the rate of Oncomelania climbing adhesion and enhances snail-killing.