How the hosts recognize and clear invading viruses is one of the key issues in molecular immunology. Previous studies uncovered that many early antiviral proteins, such as Type Ⅰ interferons and PKR, are strongly induced upon virus infection. These proteins not only limit virus replication and spread or cause infected cells to undergo apoptosis, but also induce consequently expression of cytokines and chemokines to initiate acquired immunity. However, the immediate-early signaling events among host and virus interaction were largely unknown. In the past few years, there are great breakthroughs in this rapidly evolving field. TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathways were shown to play a crucial regulatory role in antiviral processes. These pathways are essential for the vertebrate immune system to recognize and clear RNA virus with different strategies, which are integral parts of innate immune response and directly affect later-stage acquired immunity. The recent know-how on TLR3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signal transduction pathways and their roles in antiviral immunity were summarized.

Locking compression plate(LCP)functions as an internal fixator in orthopedic surgery.It is a new screw-plate system developed by combining the traditional plating techniques with the principles of AO internal fixator.Compared with them,LCP omits pre-bending,avoids large-area exposure of fracture site,minimizes the damage to soft tissue,significantly reduces implant failure and decreases the incidence of infection and bone non-union.In addition,LCP can function as internal fixator with multiple anchor points to improve stability.All these properties of LCP accord with BO internal fixation principles and expand the application in the treatment of complex fracture.However,it is still not uncertain about the appropriate application of LCP including plate length,appearance,and type,and principles of screw application such as the number,type,sequence and position of screws.

Objective To observe the neuroprotective role and its mechanism of estrogens in male Sprague-Dawley rats with focal cerebral ischemia. Methods The rats were randomly divided into three groups: E2-pretreat group, E2+TAM (tamoxifen)-pretreat group and control group. The models of cerebral ischemia were maded by occlusion middle cerebral artery using an intraluminal filament method. 2 and 24 hours after focal cerebral ischemia, the neurological deficit scores and the death rate of rats were evaluated. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) stain was used to assess the volume of infarction. Terminal transferase dUTP nick ending labeling (TUNEL) and immunohistochemistry were carried to observe neuron apoptosis and the expressions of Bcl-2, Bax and p53. Results Compared with control group, the volumes of infarction, death rates, neurological deficit scores and the numbers of neuron apoptosis both at 2 and 24 h were significantly decreased in E2-pretreated group (all (P

Objective The selective deficit of recognition of disgust expression in Huntington’s disease (HD) and HD gene carrier strongly suggested the possibility that basal ganglia is involved in disgust processing. To further tested this hypothesis, we test the perception of emotional expressions in patients with symptomatic Wilson’s disease (WD), another basal ganglia disease resulted from abnormal copper metabo lism. Methods We developed a six basic emotional morphed face continuum (30 morphed emotional faces across happy surprise fear sad disgust anger happy). Participants were required to label each of these morphs in 5 trails to measure the ability of different emotion processing. The performances of 32 cases of WD were compared with 20 age and education matched normal controls. Results On the group level, although significantly impaired in fear, disgust and anger (correct identification scores: 12.8?3.6;9.1?4.7;14.9?4.3, P

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical outcomes of posterior lumbar interbody fusion using BTwin expandable spinal spacer with microendoscopic discectomy (MED) for lumbar disc herniation accompanying degenerative instability.MethodsFrom March 2006 to May 2010,87 patients with lumbar disc heniation (only one level) accompanying degenerative instability were managed with posterior lumbar interbody fusion using B-Twin with MED,includeing 49 males and 38 females with an average of 47.6 years(range,37-65).Objective level located in L3,4 in 2 cases,L4,5 in 43,and L5S1 in 41.The patients were treated with single BTwin(Single group,n=51) and double B-Twin(Double group,n=36).Clinical outcomes were evaluated with surgical time,blood loss,visual analogue scale (VAS) scores,Oswestry disability questionnaire (ODI),and the pre- and post-operative disk space heights.ResultsThe patients were followed up for an average of 35.8months (range,12-46).All the patients felt the low back pain and radiation pain disappeared or relieved apparently.The mean preoperative ODI and VAS scores decreased from 78％±3％ to 18％±3％,and (8.70±11.3)to (0.65±10.48) at the final follow-up respectively.Disc space increased from a pre-operative height of (8.76±1.3) mm to a post-operative of (11.8±0.6) mm.ODI,VAS and the disk space heights in all patient showed statistical significance,which revealed no statistical significance between the two groups.However,the operation time,blood loss were statistical difference between the two groups.All the patients achieved solid union or probable union at a mean time of 5.6 months (range,3.9-8.6).ConclusionPosterior lumbar interbody fusion using B-Twin with MED can obtain satisfactory outcomes in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation accompanying degenerative instability.Single B-Twin can get similar clinical outcomes,but shorter surgical time,less blood loss,and less medical costs.

Objective To investigate the effect of the new polyamine analogue tetrabutyl propanediamine (TBP) on cell proliferation and the underlying mechanism. Methods MTT assay was performed to determine cell proliferation. Flow cytometry was performed to detect cell cycle transition. DNA fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane potential determinations were performed to detect cell apoptosis. The activity of key enzymes in polyamine catabolism was detected by chemiluminescence assay. Results TBP could significantly inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells by blockingcell cycle transition and by inducing apoptosis. The TBP-induced apoptosis of HL-60 cells was in a dose-dependent manner. The enzyme activities of SMO and APAO were also significantly increased in HL-60 cells after treatment with 100 μM TBP for 24 hours. Conclusions TBP, as a new putrescine analogue, could inhibit proliferation of HL-60 cells by increasing the enzyme activity of SMO and APAO and inducing apoptosis.

BACKGROUND: Most of the patients suffered from degenerative lumbar instability are treated by exposure both sides and bilateral pedicle screw fixation,which bring highly operative risk,large blood loss and great medical expenditure to patients.OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacy of single cage plus unilateral pedicle screw placement for treating lumbar degenerative instability.METHODS: Totally 51 cases with lumbar degenerative instability underwent single cage plus unilateral pedicle screw placement were selected,including 32 males and 19 females,aged ranging from 41 to 72 years.47 cases had single segment involved and 4cases had two segments involved.All cases experienced unilateral laminectomy and transforamenal lumbar interbody fusion.The therapeutic effect was assessed by Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA)score system.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The blood loss was 90-430 mL.The surgical time was 100 minutes(85-120 minutes)for single segment and 150 minutes(120-170 minutes)for double segments.The patients were allowed to early ambulation at 2-3 days after operation.Two cases did not get improvement on back-leg pain,but there was no abnormality from CT and MRI recheck,one case felt pain relieved after anti-symptom treatment for 3 months while the other did not relieve.The average JOA scores at pre-operation and 1 year follow-up was 11(7-13 scores)and 25(18-27 scores),respectively.The total improvement rate of JOA was larger than 50%.44 cases were evaluated as fusion and 7 cases as possible fusion.The average fusion time was 5.4 months(4.3-7.1 months).Postoperative X-ray showed no evidence of pedicle screw loosening,broken,or cage displacement.Single cage plus unilateral pedicle screw placement is characterized by simple operation,small blood loss,short operation and few interference to spine,which is a better method for treating lumbar degenerative instability.

Objective To investigate the chnical effect of modified transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) on the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease. Methods Sixty-two patients with lumbar degenerative disease were treated by the modified TLIF from June 2007 to May 2009. The preoperative diagnosis was lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with spinal instability (28 cases), lumbar intervertebral disc herniation with lumbar stenosis (27 cases ), degenerative spondylohsthesis (7 cases ). Forty-eight cases were single-level and 14 cases were two-level. The patients were evaluated by observing the fusion rate and comparing the visual analog score( VAS ) and Japanese orthopaedics association (JOA) score of preoperation with those of postoperation. Results All the patients were followed up from 15 to 30 (22.77 ± 3.82)months,no nerve injury,leakage of cerebralspinal,infection,the broken of pedical screws and other complications. The fusion rate of segment was 96.8% at the follow-up after 1 year postoperatively. Judgement by JOA score,the rate of improvement was 93.5%(58/62),excellent in 34 cases,good in 24 cases,fair in 4 cases. The postoperative value of V AS and JOA score were higher than those of preoperation (P ＜ 0.05 ), the values when follow-up of 3 months was performed had no statistic al difference with those of final follow-up (P＞0.05). Conclusion The modified TLIF with fully decompression while reducing the accessing spinal canal complications have good clinical efficacy in treating lumbar degenerative disease.

From teaching design principle, the article has discussed the key element of the process of hygiene examination teaching designs, and has brought forward three kinds of rational science design process patterns.

Objective To investigate the survival benefit of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas who recieved postoperative chemotherapy of tegafur combined with FT-207 radiotherapy.Methods Data from 126 patients with esophageal squamous were analyzed who undergone radical resection from January 2008 to December 2010,consisting of 92 patients underwent surgery alone and 34 patients took oxaliplatin combined with tegafur postoperatively (oxaliplatin 130 g/m2,d1,tegafur 500 mg/m2,d1-5,21 d for a cycle,every patient received at least two cycles).Results The 1-year survival rate and 3-year survival rate was 93.5 ％ and 75.0 ％ in the surgery alone group,was 97.1％ and 76.2 ％ in the surgery plus postoperative chemotherapy (P =0.590).There was no significant differences in survival in the two groups,even with Coxregression multivariate analysis and with stratifications of gender,age,tumor location,degree of cell differentiation,invasion depth,lymphatic metastasis and TNM stage.Conclusion Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin combined with tegafur has not significantly improve the survival rate of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinomas undergoing radical resection.It is still lack of an effective project for postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for esophageal cancer,and it is necessary for further study.