Sepsis,a common clinical syndrome,comparing to septicaemia or bacteremia,has a more comprehensive pathophysiological process.Its pathogenesis is complex,including pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokine imbalance,intestinal bacterial translocation,immunosuppression,signal pathway activation,etc.Further study on the pathogenesis of sepsis is the theory foundation to explore the new method of sepsis.The diagnosis of sepsis pathogenesis,treatment principles and common virus infection induced sepsis are reviewed in this paper.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Fatty Liver ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Phytotherapy ; methods ; trends

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the risk in clinical pharmacy service in order to provide reference for Chinese hospitals in both guarding against and reducing risk.METHODS:This study adopted a classified method to set forth the tactics on re?ducing risk of both organization and individual person in clinical pharmacy practice after analyzing the risk factors.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:It is important for the working personnel who engage in clinical pharmacy work to heighten their con?sciousness of risk and to strengthen managing it.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for choosing appropriate methods of health outcome measurement in phar?macoeconomic evaluation.METHODS:To compare different outcome measurement methods and introduce the standards in varied pharmacoeconomic guidelines.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:We should choose those methods according to different health systems,angles of research and disease specialities.

OBJECTIVE: To provide reference information for formulating drug policies in China.METHODS: To introduce the development and application of pharmacoeconomics in drug pricing and reimbursement process in Asia - Pacific region. RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Pharmacoeconomics can aid for drug policy decision.

JCBI is a glioma eell line established in our department. JCBI cells spontaneously produce a factor inhibiting blastogenic responses of mouse thymocytes and the IL-2 dependent T cell growth of mouse spleen lymphoblast, without inhibiting spontaneous proliferation of mouse thymocytes. The inhibiting activity is high after 72 hours of passage. Physicochemical characterization shows that the factor is nondialyzable. partially inactivated at 37℃ 48 hours and almost inactivated at 56℃ 30 min. But the factor is stable at 4℃ for 2 weeks and in freeze-thawing. The molecular weight of the factor is approximately 10 kd as estimated by gel filtration. The factor may contribute to the impaired immunosurveillance and to the cellular immunodeficiency state in the patients.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the occurrence of injuries by sharp instrument among new medical staff and their preventive consciousness and measures.METHODS Through questionaires,one hundred and fifty four interns who graduated from 2004 to 2006 were surveyed retrospectively.RESULTS Of the new interns,126(81.8%)persons were injured 585 times by sharp instrument,87.8% of whom were injured twice.During the internship,83 persons had passed sharp instrument injury prevention training,and earned priorities in its prevention.In the group of 83 persons trained,59 persons(71.1%) were injured;in another group of 71 persons untrained,67 persons(94.4%) were injured,there was significant difference at the rate of injuries between two groups.Opening ampules,and manipulating needles of syringes or infusion devices were the three major causes due which sharp injuries happened,were accounted for 35%,27% and 22%.CONCLUSIONS New medical staff have high rate of the sharp instrument injuries during internship,the occurrences of injuries are mostly due to the inadequacy in consciousness,the inpreficiency in operating,the high rate of with sharp instrument.Therefore,to reduce the sharp instrument injuries,developing good operating habit;performing operating procedure conscientiously;using medical equipment which can prevent injuries are the effective measures.

[Objective]This paper summarizes the latest literature,which can offer more choices for making liposome drug.[Methods]This article summarizes the application of liposomes in al aspects and new preparation methods and modification methods and their respective advantages. [Results]Liposome as a new type of drug carrier,which has similarity with biological membrane,has many good qualities and changes the traditional way to give medicine. [Con-clusion]Liposome has the broad application after nearly forty years of research.

Objective To screen the prevalence of nutritional risk in cirrhotic inpatients by Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) and explore the relationship between nutritional risks and outcomes.Methods NRS 2002 was used to identify the nutritional risk of 200 cirrhotic inpatients between May 2010 and May 2011.The Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) grade,fatality,complications,and length of stay within 6 months were followed up to explore the relationship between nutritional risks and outcomes.Results The prevalence of nutritional risk screened by NRS 2002 was 53.5％ in cirrhotic patients.The prevalence of nutritional risk was 39.0％,59.4％,and 60.0％ respectively in patients with CTP grade A,B,and C (P =0.029).Compared with those without nutritional risks,patients with nutritional risks had significantly higher incidences of complications and fatality (P =0.000 and 0.013) and longer hospital stay (P =0.001).Conclusion The nutritional risk increases along with the CTP grade.Patients with nutritional risks tend to have poorer outcomes.The influence of nutrition support on the outcome of patients with liver diseases needs further research.