Objective To explore the effect of different infusion speeds on prevention phlebitis caused by lavofloxacin hydrochloride. Methods One hundred and sixty patients treated with intravenous infusion of lavofloxacin hydrochloride were randomized by simple digital table into one observation group and three control groups with 40 in each group. The infusion velocities in the observation group and other three control groups were 61~70 gtt/min, 30~40 gtt/min, 41~50 gtt/min and 51 to 60 gtt/min, respectively. The incurrence rate of phlebitis was compared among the four groups. Results The incidence rate of phlebitis in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the respective control group (all P<0.05). There were no differences among the three control groups in terms of phlebitis rate. Conclusion Intravenous infusion of lavofloxacin hydrochloride at the infusion velocity of 61~70 gtt/min can reduce the incidence of phlebitis.

Objectiver　 To establish murine breast precancerous model and evaluate the effect of exogenous estrogen and tamoxifen.　 Method　 50 female Wistar rats were divided into contol group (n＝12), the other 38 received low dose carcinogen (DMBA) by gastrogavage, and then divided into DMBA group (common diet,n＝8); DMBA+DES group(DES added chow,n＝15); and DMBA+TAM group (TAM added chow,n＝15). 3 months later, the status of breast hyperplasia, AgNOR and DNA content were measured. 　Results　 All indexs in control group and DMBA+TAM group were normal.However,in DMBA group and DMBA+DES group,the breast hyperplasia rate was 75%, 93.3%, AgNOR was 3.71±0.76, 5.60±0.42, DNA was 88.59±7.17, 137.75±3.13 respectively.Compared with control group and DMBA+TAM group, the differences of indexes in DMBA and in DMBA+DES group were significant (P<0.01). 　Conclusion　 Low dosage DMBA administered by gastrogavage established breast precancerous model. Exogenous estrogen promotes the development of breast precancerous disease induced by DMBA, while TAM suppresses the canceration.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of 5-Fu in human serum.METHODS: Serum protein was precipitated with trichloroacetic acid .HPLC was used for determination of 5-Fu .The column was Shimpack CLC C18(150 × 6mm, 5μm)with YWG for protection.The mobile phase was 0.25% KH2PO4-acetonitrile(98: 2, pH7.0) .The flow rate was 1ml/min.The detection wavelength was 265nm.Two standard curves were made in the concentrations of 0.195～6.250μg/ ml and 6.25～200.00μg/ml, respectively.RESULTS: The calibration curves revealed linearity in the range of 0.195～200μg/ml.The with-in-day recoveries and RSDs of 5-Fu at 0.8, 4, 20 and 100μg/ ml concentration points were 104. 88%, 1.95%; 104.58%,1.38%; 101.40%, 0.39%and 99.14%, 0.37%, and the between-day recoveries and RSDs of 5-Fu were 105.12%, 2.02%;106.30 %, 0.78 %; 100.60 %, 0.65 % and 99.38 %, 0.92 % respectively. CONCLUSION: This method is rapid, accurate and suitable for pharmacokinetical study and conventional monitoring of 5-Fu.

The paper reports a review on the current situation of the hierarchy and quality of the evidence related to both national and international evidence-based nursing research and practice.The limitations and barriers have been analyzed from both research methodology and data acquisition technique aspects.The available evidences provided by past studies are limited in post hoc indicators (e.g.hospital stay,fatigue,stress or sleep quality,etc.) and subjective methodologies (e.g.questionnaire,self-report or interview,etc.),that restrains the further development of evidence-based healthcare,in terms of its reliability,validity and application.The advantages/disadvantages and feasibility of new potential technologies,such as body sensors and smart phones,have also been discussed.

Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID)are a heterogeneous group of congenital and genetically determined conditions caused by one or more defects of innate and/or adaptive immunity,which are a common retarding factor of vaccines immunization.The infections,however,play a major role in the final prognosis of most PID.The immune response after the vaccine injection may be impaired in some PID cases,even no protection is evoked.Moreover,some disease caused by the live vaccine virus or bacteria strains could occur after immunization.The contents of this paper is to introduce the consensus of the vaccine immunization based on the category of PID,immunization of the contacts and other concerns.

Ischemic cerebrovascular disease is a common and frequently occurring disease in the elderly.It has the characteristics of high disability rate,high mortality rate,and high recurrence rate,which seriously threatens the life and health of the elderly.At present,clinical diagnosis and evaluation are mainly based on medical history,neurological symptoms and signs and imaging examination.The incidence of ischemic cerebrovascular disease is rapid,the existing diagnostic methods have different degrees of hysteresis and limitations in the diagnosis time.Related clinical study found that in the process of ischemic cerebrovascular disease accompanied by serum S-100 beta,matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-related indicators of change.This article reviews the recent progress of S-100 beta and MMP-9 in ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

Objective To investigate the application effects of milk protein challenge test and serum specific IgE antibody de-tection in children with milk protein allergic diseases.Methods 76 cases of children with milk protein allergic diseases of North Hospital of the People’s Hospital in Urumqi City from January,2013 to December,2015 were treated with milk pro-tein challenge test.The clinical characteristics,results of milk protein challenge test and serum IgE antibody detection,and the value change of routine blood indexes were analysed and compared.Results Diarrhea and hematochezia were the most common clinical features,vomiting,hematemesis and abdominal distention were rare.47 cases (61.8%)showed positive re-sults in milk protein challenge test,and 29 cases (38.2%)showed negative results.42 cases of positive children had delayed allergy,and 5 cases showed rapid allergy.Compared with the negative group,the positive rate of serum specific IgE antibody in positive group didn’t change obviously,the difference was not statistically significant (14.9% vs 6.9%,χ2=0.466,P>0.05).The neutrophil count in positive group was higher after challenge than that of before challenge (t=2.480,P<0.05). The number change of blood cell,neutrophil and platelet in positive group were no statistical differences compared with those in negative group (t=0.500,1.395,0.296,all P>0.05).Conclusion Diarrhea and hematochezia were the most commom disease of digestive tract in children with milk protein allergic diseases.It is necessary to perform milk protein challenge test in clinical practice,however,serum specific IgE antibody is not considered as its diangnosis basis.

The etiology of peripheral precocious puberty(PPP) is complex and varied,which is mainly categorized into either genetic or acquired disorders.Albright-McCune syndrome and familial male-limited precocious puberty are the 2 most important genetic PPPs.The purposes of therapy are to halt pubertal development and restore sex steroids to prepubertal values and delayed rate of skeletal maturation in order to maximize height potential.The several major categories of clinical drugs for PPP include anti estrogen/androgen,estrogen receptor blocker,aromatase inhibitors and cytochrome P450 inhibitors and so on.

Neuroendocrine cells comprise a minor subpopulation of the normal prostatic epithelium. When patients accept the androgen deprivation therapy, it will induce neuroendocrine differentiation of the prostate carcinoma cells. NE cells can provide endocrine/paracrine stimuli for proliferation of the surrounding carcinoma cells and inevitably make prostate cancer become androgen independent and no longer responsive to hormonal manipulation. In this paper, the mechanism of neuroendocrine differentiation and its relationship with androgen independent state were reviewed.