OBJECTIVE: This study was to determine the effect of different concentration of calcium in medium on the preimplantational development of zygotes and early 2-cell embryos. METHODS: Female mice of ICR strain (5~8 weeks old) were superovulated and mated with fertile males. Zygotes or early 2-cell embryos were collected by flushing the oviducts 31~32 hours after hCG injection. The embryos were cultured in various concentrations of Ca2+ in medium or with EDTA, EGTA and Ni2+. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: Treatment of high concentration of Ca2+ (3.42 mM (2X)~17.1 mM (10X) in medium didn't develop well compared to the control Low concentrations of Ca2+ (0.214 mM (1/8X)~0.855 mM (1/2X)) were deterimental to development beyond 2-cell stage. EDTA, Ca2+ chelating agent was treated with ranged concentrations of eDTA (0.014 mM~0.107 mM) to medium contaning 1.71 mM Ca2+ showed beneficial effect to development to blastocyst compared to the control. EGTA, extracellular Ca2+ chelator, was treated with ranged concentrations of EGTA (0.014~0.107 mM) to the medium contaning 1.71 mM Ca2+. There is no significant difference with the control. Ni2+ (50 micrometer), T-type Ca2+-channel blocker was treated to medium contaning low concentration of Ca2+. It overcame 2-cell block significantly. Rate of degenerated embryos decreased and developmental rate to morula and blastocyst increased more than low Ca2+ concentration alone. Further studies are needed for the overcoming effect of 2-cell block by Ni2+.
Animals ; Blastocyst ; Calcium ; Edetic Acid ; Egtazic Acid ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Flushing ; Humans ; Male ; Mice* ; Morula ; Oviducts ; Zygote

OBJECTIVE: The study was performed to compare the survival rate and the development of day 2 mouse embryos which had freezing procedures done. METHODS: We used three different vitrification solutions (EFS, VS14, DPS) and a ultrarapid freezing solution (UFS) for cryopreservation of day 2 mouse embryo. RESULTS: We tested toxicity by exposing embryos to vitrification solutions and a ultrarapid freezing solution. The survival rates are 100%, 97.8%, 95.6% and 100% (EFS, VS14, DPS and UFS). After cultured for 96 hours, hatching rates of each group are 93.5% (no freezing), 95.6% (EFS), 86.4% (VS14), 93.0% (DPS), and 93.0% (UFS). There is no significant differences among groups. The survival rates after thawing cryopreserved embryos are 80.2%, 91.7%, 69.5%, 0% and 91.8% (slow freezing, EFS, VS14, DPS and UFS). Also cultured for 96 hours, the hatching rates are 93.5% (no freezing), 84.1% (slow freezing), 93.9%) (EFS), 48.5% (VS14) and 70.1% (UFS). CONCLUSION:The survival rates of vitrification in EFS solution and ultrarapid freezing are higher than slow freezing (p<0.05). The hatching rate of vitrification in EFS solution cultured for 96 hours is highest, so vitrification of day 2 mouse embryos in EFS solution considered as more effective for cryopreservation.
Animals ; Cryopreservation ; Embryonic Structures* ; Freezing* ; Mice* ; Survival Rate ; Vitrification*

No abstract available.
Lymphocele*

It is well known that lidocaine and propranolol possess antiarrhythmic properties. In addition, the former has direct myocardial depressant effects with indirect stimulant effects mediated by the autonomic nervous system and the latter has negative chronotropic, inotropic and dromotropic effects through beta-adrenergic blockade. The heart rate is one of the principle determinants of myocardial oxygen demand, so prevention and treatment of tachycardia are very important during anesthesia. Therfore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of lidocaine(1mg/kg) and propranolol (0.02mg/kg) on the heart rates and blood pressures in patients with tachycardia(100~120 beats per minute) under halothane-nitrons oxide anesthesia. The results were as follows: 1) In the lidocaine receiving group, the heart rate and blood pressure decreased slightly, but these changes were not statistically significant. 2) in the propranolol receiving group, the heart rate decreased significantly and reached steady value(13bpm, p<0.01) at 7 min and blood pressure decreased slightly, but these changes were not statistically significant. 3) In propranolol-lidocaine mixture receiving group, heart rate decreased significantly and reached to steady value(13bpm, p<0.01) at 5 min and systolic blood pressure decreased about 5 torr(p<0.05), but the diastolic blood pressure remained unchanges. From the above results, it is suggested that the lidocaine and propranolol mixture rather than individual is more valuable in restoring the heart rate and blood pressure to normal value.
Anesthesia* ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Blood Pressure* ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Humans ; Lidocaine* ; Oxygen ; Propranolol* ; Reference Values ; Tachycardia

In order to observe the effect on liver function after exposure to enlurane which has relatively minimal hepatotoxic effect, we evaluated the changes of the s-GOT & s-GPT levels caused by general anesthesia with enflurane. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of enflurane on liver function by comparing the preoperative and postoperative(1st day, 3rd day, 5th day, and 7th day) liver function(s-GOT & s-GPT) tests is il cases of the first general anesthesia with enflurane and 15 cases of a second general anesthesia with enflurane. The results were as folllows: 1) The 1st operative group. a. There are 5 cases (45%) of significant changes of s-GOT levels and no case of significant change in sGPT levels. b. In most of cases, the level of s-GOT & s-GPT have returned to normal values on the 7th postoperative day. 2) The 2nd operative group. a. The increase in the levels of s-GOT was found in 10 cases, and the s-GPT in 6 cases. b. Postoperatively, the simultaneous increase in the levels of s-GOT & s-GPT were found in 4 cases. c. On the 7th postoperative day, the levels of s-GOT & s-GPT was not normal in 3 cases, and not normal for s-GPT in 2 cases. The above results show that the higher of levels of s-GOT & s-GPT after the second general anesthesia with enflurane apparent compared to the levels after the first general anesthesia with enflurane. And it can be assumed that the extreme precaution is necessary in conduction the second general anesthesia with enflurane.
Alanine Transaminase ; Anesthesia, General ; Enflurane* ; Liver ; Reference Values

The authors introduced flip back spin echo (FBSE) technique for MR imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) instead of conventional spin echo (SE) technique, and evaluated whether FBSE technique in MRI of TMJ is adequate for the diagnosis of the disorders or not. FBSE T1 parasagittal images in closed mouth state and sequential opening and closing mouth states using patient's own finger(s) were obtained and then FBSE T1 paracoronal image in closed mouth state and STAGE(short tip angle gradient echo) parasagittal T2WI were followed. All 30 images of the symptomatic TMJs using FBSE technique were excellent in the visualization of articular and their displacement, and we could easily diagnose the internal derangement. FBSE technique was adequate for the diagnosis of internal derangement of the TMJ, and the modified cine display from images using FBSE technique was advantageous in the diagnosis of the disorders by visualization of the dynamic motion of the TMJ.
Diagnosis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Mouth ; Temporomandibular Joint*

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: When veneering composite resin-metal restoration is prepared, the fact that bond strength between Ti and composite resin is relatively weak should be considered. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the shear bond strength between the veneering composite resin and commercial pure (CP) Ti / Ti-6Al-4V alloy according to the method of surface treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The disks were cast by two types of metal. Their surfaces were treated by sandblasting, metal conditioner, TiN coating and silicoating respectively. After surface treatment, the disks were veneered by composite resin (Tescera(TM), Bisco, USA) which is 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness. The specimens were stored in water at 25degrees C for 24 hours, and then evaluated for their shear bond strength by universal testing machine (STM-5(R), United Calibration, USA). These values were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: 1. All methods of surface treatment were used in this study satisfied the requirements of ISO 10477 which is the standard of polymer-based crown and bridge materials. 2. The metal conditioner treated group showed the highest value in shear bond strength of CP Ti, silicoated group, TiN coated group, sandblasted group, in following order. 3. The silicoated group showed the highest value in shear bond strength of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, metal conditioner treated group, sandblasted group, TiN coated group, in following order. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, all methods of surface treatment used in this study are clinically available.
Alloys ; Calibration ; Collodion ; Crowns ; Tin ; Titanium ; Water

No abstract available.
Beclomethasone* ; Budesonide* ; Hydrocortisone*

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Centers for Child-care Foodservice Management (CCFSM)'s support on menu management in child-care centers and kindergartens by comparing two perspectives of pre-support vs. post-support and established vs. non-established. To evaluate dietary variety, we used methods that considered both Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) and Dietary Variety Score (DVS). For surveying pre-support and post-support state by CCFSM, we collected and analyzed menus of June and September, 2012, targeting 7 CCFSM supported institutions. Meanwhile, for surveying state in CCFSM established and non-established areas, we collected and analyzed menus of June, 2012, which were implemented in institutions in CCFSM established (181 places) and non-established (106 places) areas. The results of evaluation on the dietary support by CCFSM showed that post-supporting state by CCFSM (95.3%) was significantly higher than pre-supporting state (77.2%) (p < 0.001) and established areas (87.4%) were significantly higher than non-established ones (77.2%) (p < 0.05) on 'Meeting the DRI for infant'. Evaluation of dietary variety between pre- and post-support state by CCFSM showed that post-support state (total 77.3 point) was higher than pre-support state (total 76.4 point). Evaluation of dietary variety between established and non-established areas showed that established areas (total 81.1 point) were significantly higher than non-established ones (total 77.1 point) (p < 0.001). Therefore, it is considered that dietary support service conducted by CCFSM contributes to improve variety level of diet provided by child-care centers and kindergartens.
Diet

This study was designed to analyze the nursing curricula in graduate programs and suggest the direction of future nursing curricula. Thirty-two nursing curricula for a master's degree and fifteen curricula for a doctoral degree from general graduate programs, fifteen nursing curricula for a master's degree from fifteen educational graduate programs, eight nursing curricula for master degree from eight out of twelve public health graduate programs, three nursing curricula for a master's degree from three administrative graduate programs, and four nursing curricula for a master's degree from four clinical nursing graduate programs, were analyzed. Consequently, It was hard to find a clear difference between the educational goals and objectives, the subjects open in nursing curricula for a master's degree and those for a doctoral degree of graduate programs. The educational graduate programs, public health graduate programs, administrative graduate programs, and clinical nursing graduate programs, each program showed ittle diffrent in each educational goal and objective. However, because the various kinds of subjects open in each program were not based on the core curricula, the quality of the nursing curricula need to be evaluated and develope the curricula to difference are the goal and objective. Accordingly, future studies need to be focused on developing core nursing curricula reflecting the characteristics of each graduate program.
Curriculum* ; Korea* ; Nursing* ; Public Health