The incidence of difficult intubation varies from 1.5% to 13%, and failed intubation has been identified as one of the anesthesia-related causes of death or permanent brain damage. The Intubating Laryngeal Mask Airway (ILMA) is a new modified laryngeal mask airway with the capability for guided tracheal intubation while maintaining ventilation. The ILMA was designed to improve blind endotracheal intubation through a laryngeal mask airway. It does not require head and neck manipulations on insertion. The success rate of blind intubation using the ILMA was up to 99.3% in patients with or without airway problems. We experienced two cases of the difficult endotracheal intubation due to cervical spine 1 2 fractured 34 years old female patient and cervical spine 5 6 fractured 62 years old female patient were done successful awake airway management through the ILMA with superior laryngeal nerve block with pharyngeal and endotracheal topical spray of lidocaine. These cases suggest that awake tracheal intubations through the ILMA is a safe and useful method for airway management in anesthetic care of cervical spine fracture patients.
Adult ; Airway Management ; Brain ; Cause of Death ; Female ; Head ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intubation* ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Laryngeal Masks ; Laryngeal Nerves ; Lidocaine ; Masks* ; Middle Aged ; Neck ; Spine ; Ventilation

BACKGROUND: This study provides up-to-date survival data on cardiac resuscitation in adult in-patients. The main objectives of the study were to evaluate the incidence, causes, and outcomes of perioperative cardiac arrest. Objective data might encourage more meaningful attitude in anesthesiologists, surgeons, and patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who experienced perioperative cardiac arrest while receiving noncardiac surgery between January 2004 and December 2012. Collected data included patient characteristics, preoperative evaluations, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA PS) classification, surgical status (e.g., elective or emergency), type of surgery, and outcomes. RESULTS: We identified 30 cases of perioperative cardiac arrest that occurred in 457,529 anesthetized patients (incidence = 0.66 per 10,000 anesthetized patient; all-cause mortality = 0.21 per 10,000 anesthetic cases). Two-thirds of patients (19 of 30) were emergency cases (21% survival rate; 4 of 19 patients). Most cardiac arrest patients (60%; 18 of 30 patients) were ASA PS IV-V, and only 40% patients were ASA PS I, II and III. Four cases were associated with anesthesia and the patient recovered, and 3 patients recovered after resuscitation. The main causes of cardiac arrest were respiratory- (75%) and medication-related events (25%). CONCLUSIONS: In accordance with anesthetic management guidelines and the development of anesthetic agents, anesthesia-related cardiac arrests decreased in terms of incidence and mortality. However, we recommend that clinicians cautiously keep in mind airway management and the administration of medications, which are important preventative factors.
Adult ; Airway Management ; Anesthesia ; Anesthetics ; Classification ; Emergencies ; Heart Arrest* ; Hospitals, Teaching* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Mortality ; Resuscitation ; Retrospective Studies* ; Survival Rate

A case of vaginal and cervical adenocarcinoma, mostly of clear cell type, in young women have been associated with intrauterine exposure to diethystillbestrol(DES) or other nonsteroidal estrogenic substances and vaginal adenosis. We have encountered a case of clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix uteri of 27years young house wife, in which there was a history of intrauterine exposure to DES. We presented a case with a brief review of related literature.
Adenocarcinoma ; Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell* ; Cervix Uteri* ; Estrogens ; Female ; Humans ; Spouses

With increasing use, the incidence of adverse events associated with sugammadex, a neuromuscular blockade reverser, is increasing. This study aimed to identify and analyze cases of adverse events caused by sugammadex reported in Korean population. Methods: Out of a total of 12 cases detected using various keywords in the Korean Journal of Anesthesia, Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (Seoul), KoreaMed, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library-CENTRAL from 2013 to December 2020, 10 cases directly associated with sugammadex were selected. Results: Adverse events included five cases of anaphylaxis, one case of cardiac arrest, one case of profound bradycardia, one case of negative pressure pulmonary edema, and two cases of incomplete recovery. Three patients had American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status ≥ 3, two had emergency surgery, and two had a history of allergic reaction. Neuromuscular monitoring was applied in nine cases. The average dose of sugammadex was 2.87 mg/kg, and there were six cases in which one full vial was used, regardless of the state of neuromuscular recovery. Sugammadex was administered immediately after surgery in two cases, at train of four (TOF) 0 in four cases, at TOF 3 in one case, and after evaluation of the clinical signs only with no neuromuscular monitoring in one case. Conclusions: Even with neuromuscular monitoring, an excessive dose of sugammadex was observed. Given that adverse events tend to occur within 10 min of administration, continuous monitoring is important even after administration.

BACKGROUND: Almost all anesthesiologists are encounter a difficult airway occasionally, which is probably the most important cause of anesthesia related morbidity and mortality. The intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA; FastarachTM; laryngeal mask company, Henley-on-Thames, UK) is a new device for tracheal intubation. It is an ideal rescue airway since it can be placed quickly and used as a conduit for endotracheal intubation, while ventilation is ongoing. This prospective study was underttaken from January, 1997 to December, 2004 to evaluate the appropriateness of the ILMA for anticipated or unanticipated difficult airways. METHODS: After institutional committee approval, seventy eight patients were enrolled in this study. The anticipated group compromised thirty five patients and the unanticipated group forty three. In the unanticipated group, anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium and vecuronium and maintained with enflurane or isoflurane, whereas in the anticipated group, awake intubation with nerve block was done before intubation. The success of the technique (within five attempts), the number of attempts, the durations of the successful attempts, and adverse events (desaturation, bleeding) were recorded. RESULTS: The rate of successful tracheal intubation with ILMA was 92.7%. The numbers of attempts and the times to success were not significantly different between the two groups. Adverse events occurred significantly more frequently in the unanticipated group. Conclusion: The ILMA is a useful device for the management of patients with a difficult airway and may be a valuable alternative to direct laryngoscopy or fiberoptic intubation when neck movement is unfavorable or in those with an unanticipated difficult airway.
Anesthesia ; Enflurane ; Humans ; Intubation ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Isoflurane ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Laryngoscopy ; Mortality ; Neck ; Nerve Block ; Prospective Studies ; Thiopental ; Vecuronium Bromide ; Ventilation

BACKGROUND: The hydrolysis of mivacurium and succinylcholine is impaired in the presence of defects of pseudocholinesterase. Clinical reports are conflicting as to the utility of anticholinesterases, in the reversal of mivacurium- or succinylcholine-induced paralysis. In this study, the role of exogenous bovine pseudocholinesterases (BpChE) and/or neostigmine, pyridostigmine, edrophonium or galanthamine in the reversal of mivacurium- or succinylcholine-induced paralysis, were investigated with the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. METHODS: Ninety five Sprague-Dawley rats (200 g, male) were divided into 14 groups (n = 10). The phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation mounted in a bath containing oxygenated Krebs' solution. Twitch response from diaphragmatic muscle evoked by phrenic nerve stimulation were measured. After stabilization of the twitch responses, mivacurium (0.1 microgram/mlml) or succinylcholine (0.1 microgram/ml) was administered incrementally in the preparation to obtain more than 95% twitch inhibition. BpChE (0.1, 1.0 u/ml), and/or neostigmine (0.1, 1.0 microgram/ml), pyridostigmine (0.5, 5 microgram/ml), edrophonium (0.01, 0.1 microgram/ml) or galanthamine (0.1, 1.0 microgram/ml) were added for the reversal of mivacurium- and/or succinylcholine-induced block in each group and the twitch responses (0.1 Hz) were monitored for 60 min. The effect of BpChE (0.1 u/ml), in combination with each of the above four anticholinesterases at lower concentrations also were examined. Twitch heights more than 75% was considered an adequatereversal. RESULTS: BpChE 0.1 and 1.0 u/ml were effective in reversal of mivacurium-induced paralysis. When anticholinestrases were added, there was no effective improvement of twitch height at the end of 60 minutes. In succinylcholine-induced paralysis, BpChE was effective for reversal, but when anticholinesterases were added, BpChE potency was inhibited. CONCLUSIONS: BpChE will reverse mivacurium-induced block more effectively than anticholinesterase. BpChE is effective in reversing succinylcholine block. The addition of anticholinesterases inhibits the activity of pseudocholinesterase.
Animals ; Baths ; Cholinesterase Inhibitors ; Edrophonium* ; Galantamine* ; Hydrolysis ; Neostigmine* ; Oxygen ; Paralysis* ; Phrenic Nerve ; Pseudocholinesterase* ; Pyridostigmine Bromide* ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Succinylcholine

Reexpansion pulmonary edema is a rare but potentially lethal complication. We report a case of suspected reexpansion pulmonary edema that led to cardiac arrest. Case: A 16-year-old male patient underwent wedge resection due to right pneumothorax. The patient showed pink frothy sputum three hours following surgery, and a chest x-ray showed right unilateral pulmonary edema. Thirteen hours following surgery, the patient continuously showed pink frothy sputum and presented with severe hypoxemia, tachypnea, and tachycardia. After transferring to the intensive care unit (ICU), he developed ventricular tachycardia. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was performed for 32 min. Chest X-ray showed diffuse bilateral pulmonary edema. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was performed. During the 65 days of ICU care, the patient became mentally alert. However, follow-up echocardiography revealed severe heart failure. Conclusions: Rexpansion pulmonary edema can rapidly progress to diffuse bilateral pulmonary edema. Therefore, careful observation is required for the patients who show signs of pulmonary edema after reexpansion.

Hemorrhage through the pancreatic duct into the duodenum, so called 'hemosuccus pancreaticus', is a rare cause of gastrointestinal bleeding with diagnostic difficulties. We report a 44-year-old man with recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to rupture of pseudoaneurysm into the pancreatic duct. Initial upper gastrointestinal endoscopy failed to identity the site of the hemorrhage. Active bleeding from the ampulla of Vater in duodenum was found on repeat endoscopy. Abdominal computed tomography disclosed pseudoaneurysm arising from the splenic artery caused by chronic pancreatitis. Splenic angiogram showed large psudoaneurysmal sac with wide neck, arising from distal splenic artery. Angiographic embolization was successful in controlling the arterial hemorrhage. The patient remained symptom-free 5 months after the embolization. Hemosuccus pancreaticus, although rare, remains important in the differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure orgin.
Adult ; Ampulla of Vater* ; Aneurysm, False ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Duodenum ; Endoscopy ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Hemorrhage* ; Humans ; Neck ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Pancreatitis, Chronic ; Rupture ; Splenic Artery

Recently, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory efficacy of bee venom (BV, Apis mellifera) has been confirmed in rodent models of inflammation and arthritis. Interestingly, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect of whole BV can be reproduced by two water-soluble fractions of BV (>20 kDa:BVAF1 and<10 kDa: BVAF3). Based on these scientific findings, BV and its effective water-soluble fractions have been proposed as potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive pharmaceuticals. While BV's anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties have been well documented, there have been no careful studies of potential, side effects of BV and its fractions when administered in the therapeutic range (BV, 5 microgram/kg; BVAF1, 0.2 microgram/kg: BVAF3, 3 microgram/kg; subcutaneous or intradermal). Such information is critical for future clinical use of BV in humans. Because of this paucity of information, the present study was designed to determine the general pharmacological/physiological effects of BV and its fractions administration on the rodent central nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal system. Subcutaneous BV and its fractions treatment did not produce any significant effects on general physiological functions at the highest dose tested (200-fold and 100-fold doses higher than that used clinically, respectively) except writhing test. These results demonstrate that doses of BV or BV subfractions in the therapeutic range or higher can be used as safe antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents.
Analgesics/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*pharmacology ; Bee Venoms/*pharmacology ; Cardiovascular System/*drug effects ; Central Nervous System/*drug effects ; Digestive System/*drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred ICR ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Respiratory System/*drug effects

BACKGROUND: Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) and neuromuscular monitoring in anesthetic management are integral for endotracheal intubation, better visualization of the surgical field, and prevention of residual neuromuscular blockade and pulmonary complications. Sugammadex is a drug that reduces risk of residual neuromuscular blockade, with more rapid recovery compared to anticholinesterase. The purpose of this study was to investigate current usage status of NMBAs and antagonist with neuromuscular monitoring, among anesthesiologists in Korea.METHODS: Anesthesiologists working in Korea were invited to participate in an online survey via email January 2–February 28, 2018. The questionnaire consisted of 45 items, including preferred NMBAs, antagonists, neuromuscular monitoring, and complications related to the use sugammadex. A total of 174 responses were analyzed.RESULTS: Rocuronium was a commonly used NMBA for endotracheal intubation (98%) of hospitals, and maintenance of anesthesia (83.3%) in of hospitals. Sugammadex, pyridostigmine, and neostigmine were used in 89.1%, 87.9%, and 45.4% of hospitals. Neuromuscular monitoring was employed in 79.3% of hospitals; however only 39.7% of hospitals used neuromuscular monitoring before antagonist administration. Usual dosage range of sugammadex was 2.1–4 mg/kg in 35.1% of hospitals, within 2 mg/kg in 34.5% of hospitals, and 1 vial regardless of body weight in 22.4% of hospitals. Sugammadex-related complications were encountered by 14.9% of respondents.CONCLUSIONS: This survey indicates several minor problems associated with the use of antagonists and neuromuscular monitoring. However, most anesthesiologists appear to have appropriate information regarding the usage of NMBAs and sugammadex.
Anesthesia ; Body Weight ; Delayed Emergence from Anesthesia ; Electronic Mail ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Korea ; Neostigmine ; Neuromuscular Blockade ; Neuromuscular Blocking Agents ; Neuromuscular Monitoring ; Pyridostigmine Bromide ; Surveys and Questionnaires