The blood-brain barrier (BBB) exerts its central nervous system (CNS) protective function as it hinders the delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to the brain. With the development of nanotechnology during the last thirty years, the nanocarriers for delivering drugs make it possible to transport drugs across the BBB. The brain-targeted drug delivery system usually consists of two parts: nanocarriers and brain-targeted strategies. In this review, several kinds of nanocarriers are introduced for brain-targeted drug delivery. We focus on several possible strategies for brain-targeting and comment on their advantages and disadvantages in application.

The application and maintenance of RT-2100C micro-plate reader are introduced systematically.Common faults and effective solutions are pointed out.Experiences in teaching and clinical application of micro-plate reader are summarized.It gives a valuable reference to ensure medical equipment stable and improve diagnostic level.

Objective Analysis the bacteria distribution and drug resistance change in our hospital from 2011 to 2013 ,and pro‐vide evidence for clinical rational use of antimicrobial drugs .Methods Isolate all kinds of pathogens from outpatient ,inpatient from 2011 to 2013 in statistics and the analysis of drug resistance .Results The top four highest separation rates were Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus .Methicillin‐resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) separation rate of 3 years were 52 .17% ,57 .9% ,55 .52% respectively .Conclusion Production extended spectrum β‐lactamases (ELBLs) of Escherichia coli has a tendency to increase;the third generation cephalosporins and aztreonam resistance rates also show an upward trend ,Carbapenems Enterobacteriaceae is still the most active drugs;Glycopeptides ,linezolid ,moxifloxacin ,and rif‐ampicin always maintain a high activity against MRSA ;the resistant rates of non‐fermenting bacteria is higher ,we need to concerned about the emergence of multi‐drug resistant .Recommend giving antibiotics under the guidance of susceptibility results .

Hypertensive retinopathy (HR) often coexist with carotid lesions in hypertensive patients.Carotid lesions are closely associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases,as well as end events,offering early important evidence to screening high risk patients.HR has significant value to predict target organ damage (TOD) of hypertension including carotid lesion.In addition,hypertensive retinopathy and carotid lesions-related ischemic ocular diseases will cause serious vision function damage.This article is going to summarize the value and correlation between hypertensive retinopathy and carotid lesions in terms of clinical manifestations,pathological physiological mechanism and target organ damage.

Objective To evaluate the images of MRCP acquired by adjusting 0.3 Tesla MR unit heavy T 2-weighted scanning parameters and altering scanning angle and diagnostic correctivity to biliary obstructive disease.Methods Routine MR T 1WI,T 2WI scanning were performed axial in 50 cases of patients with biliary obstruction.All of them were divided into two groups,20 cases of them were scanned coronal with FSE T 2-weighted fixed parameters,30 cases of them were scanned with altering scanning angle,increasing scanning slices,decreasing distance of two near slices,reducing signal collection times(NSA),shortening scanning time.Results The acquired images through adjusting FSE T 2-weighted scanning parameters were visualized clearly.The boundary of cholangiopancreatie ducts were showed clearly.The display rate of biliary and pancreatie ducts was elevaled from 20% to 83.3%.The accuracy of it for evaluating the causes of obstruction was increased from 88.9% to 93.3%.The accuracy of it in the detection of the location of bile duct obstruction was 100%.Conclusion Through adjusting scanning purameters low field MRCP is very helpful in improved images quality and reflecting veliable signs of biliary and pancreatie duct obstruction disease combined with MRI T 1-weighted T 2-weighted message.This method can increased the diagnostic accuracy of the causes of obseruction and supply the reliable ground for clinical treatment.

Objective To explore the effect of faradization combined with pelvic muscle exercise on stress urinary incontinence (SUI) infemale. Methods 40 female patients with mild or moderate SUI respectively were managed with faradization and pelvic floor muscle exercisesimultaneously for 16 weeks. They were assessed with International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF)and pad test before and after the treatment. Results All the patients improveed significantly in the score of ICIQ-SF, with the incidence ofimprovement were 100% and 72.5% in mild and moderate patients respectively. Conclusion Faradization combined with pelvic floor muscleexercise is effective on female SUI.

We investigated the Toxop lasma infection prevalence among planned pregnant women in Chongqing ,and to pro‐vide reference for the first level intervention of birth defects in the region .A total of 11 953 planned pregnant women were se‐lected by proportionally stratified multi‐stage random sampling method .Questionnaire survey was given to the women ,and blood samples were collected .Specific IgM and IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma were detected with ELISA .Results showed that among the 11 953 cases surveyed ,Toxoplasma IgM was positive in 71 cases ,with the positive rate of 0 .59% ;IgG was positive in 771 cases ,with the positive rate of 6 .54% .The positive rate of IgM and IgG antibodies in the metropolitan core re‐gion of the city was higher than that in the suburb areas (χ2 =35 .28 ,P<0 .000 1 ;χ2 =82 .65 ,P<0 .000 1) .The positive rate of IgM antibody increased with the educational level (χ2trend=3 .25 ,P=0 .001 1) .The positive rates of IgM and IgG varied in occupations among women (χ2 =13 .93 , P= 0 .016 0;χ2 = 15 .58 ,χ2 =0 .008 1) ,with the highest rate of public officials . Planned pregnant women with the history of abnormal pregnancy outcomes had higher positive rate of T .gondii IgM and IgG antibodies than those in the control (χ2 =6 .85 ,P=0 .008 9;χ2 =59 .25 ,P<0 .000 1) .There was no significant difference of IgM positive rate between the planned pregnancy women who had closed contact to cats and the control group (χ2 =0 .23 ,P=0 .628 6) ,while the positive rate of IgG was higher than that of the control group (χ2 =9 .95 ,P=0 .001 6) .T .gondii infec‐tion rate was on the low level of planned pregnant women in Chongqing .Adverse pregnancy outcomes are related to Toxoplas‐ma infection .

Objective To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection and its epidemiological characteristics among planned pregnancy couples in Chongqing.Methods A total of 10 712 planned pregnancy couples were selected by proportionally stratified multi-stage random sampling method during April and December 2013.A questionnaire survey was performed, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) was used for hepatitis B virus surface antigen ( HBsAg ) and hepatitis B surface antibody ( anti-HBs) detection.SAS 8.2 was adopted for data process.Chi-square test and test for linear trend were performed to compare the rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs among different populations.Results Among 21 424 individuals, 1 718 (8.02%) were HBsAg positive.The positive rate of HBsAg in husbands was 9.48%, which was significantly higher than that in wives (6.55%,χ2 =63.39, P<0.01).Anti-HBs was positive in 8 967 (41.85%) individuals, and the positive rates in husbands and wives were 42.39% and 41.32%respectively (χ2 =2.54, P>0.05).The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs increased with the age (χ2 =2.98 and 9.83,P<0.01).The highest HBsAg positive rate and lowest anti-HBs positive rate were observed among individuals of southeast of Chongqing.The positive rates of HBsAg and anti-HBs varied in people with different occupation.The highest HBsAg and anti-HBs positive rates were found in private business owners (9.18%) and public employees (49.69%) , respectively;and the lowest HBsAg and anti-HBs positive rates were found in public employees (6.79%) and farmers (39.08%), respectively.As the education level increased, HBsAg positive rate was decreasing (χ2 =-3.33, P<0.01), and anti-HBs positive rate was increasing (χ2 =9.73, P<0.01).Conclusions The prevalence of HBV infection is still high among planned pregnancy couples in Chongqing in the year of 2013.Vaccination and the related treatments should be enforced in population with high risk of HIV infection.

Objective To conduct a preliminary examination of the factor structure and the reliability and validity of a revised Chinese version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-Form Y (STAI-Y) by using the large sample of migrant children.Methods Perform Exploratory Factor Analysis with half of the data (n =5477) from a large-scale questionnaire survey of students in Grades 4-9 at 58 schools for migrants in Beijing,then conduct Confirmatory Factor Analysis with the other half (n =5476).Results The results of state anxiety and trait anxiety both showed two factors.However,the indicators of trait anxiety were not ideal as seen from the following:the total explained variance was 39.22％,the relationship between the factors and items was not in accordance with the original English version,and the correlation between the two factors was unstable in the different samples (r =-0.17,P ＜ 0.001 ; r =-0.06,P ＜ 0.001).In addition,the factor loading of items 24 ( I wish I could be as happy as others) was low.Conclusion The state anxiety portion of this revised Chinese version of the STAI-Y is structured by the factors state anxiety present and state anxiety absent,and with good reliability and validity as well.Nevertheless,the trait anxiety portion of this revised Chinese version of the STAI-Y is structured by the factors trait anxiety present and trait anxiety absent,it shows unstable reliability and validity.

Objective To investigate the association between genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 MSP1 gene and the glutathione s-transferase GSTM1 gene in female workers exposed to aromatic solvents and spontaneous abortion. Methods A retrospective epidemiological investigation was carried out among 276 female workers including 58 female workers with history of spontaneous abortion and 218 female workers without spontaneous abortion selected in Yanshan of Beijing by the trained investigators using the unified questionnaire. Results The spontaneous abortion of female workers was significantly associated with GSTM1 (absent) (OR=2.07, 95% CI: 1.15-3.71), but not MSP1 (present) and exposure to aromatic solvent. After adust-ment for major confounders including education, age, shift work, body mass index, passive smoking and occupational stress, the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that GSTM1 gene (absent) significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion of female workers (OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.17-3.98). Before and after adjustment for major confounders including education, age, shift work, body mass index, passive smoking and occupational stess, the multiple regression analysis showed that GSTM1 (absent) combined with MSP1 (heterozygous variant type / homozygous variant type) significantly increased the risk of spontaneous abortion (OR=2.98, 95% CI:l. 17-7.59), using the group with GSTM1 (present) and MSP1 (homozygous wild type) as reference group. Conclusion Our data suggested a genetic influence on spontaneous abortion in this population, GSTM1 (absent) was significantly associaled with spontaneous abortion, also provide evidence of additional joint action of gene MSP1 (heterozygous variant type and homozygous variant type) and GSTM1 (absent) to spontaneous abortion.