In Asia, mammography following the injection of foreign materials into the breasts for cosmetic augmentation is frequently seen and diagnosis based on the typical radiologic findings is straightforward. We report the unusual radiologic findings in two patients with foreign body granulomas caused by injected foreign materials and discovered incidentally during screening work up. The mammographic findings were bilateral, hyperdense, spiculated masses, with occasional microcalcification, and at sonography, markedly hypoechoic, spiculated solid masses, located near the pectoralis muscle and partly extending into it, were observed. These radiologic findings mimicked malignancy.
Breast Neoplasms/radiography ; Case Report ; Cholesterol ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Esthetics ; Female ; Granuloma, Foreign-Body/etiology/*radiography/*ultrasonography ; Human ; Injections/adverse effects ; Mammography ; Middle Age ; Paraffin

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe characteristics of colleges implementing the accelerated second-degree bachelor of science in nursing program in South Korea and provide insight into strategies to improve the program outcomes. Methods: An on-line questionnaire developed for this study was emailed to deans of nursing colleges who were members of the Korean Association of College of Nursing. Questions included items related to nursing college, students, curriculum, and anticipated difficulty in relation to an increase of the number of second-degree students. Results: Out of 117 nursing schools, 33 schools (28.2%) participated in the on-line survey. The actual number of second-degree students and their ratio (about 10%) to regular students significantly increased in 2019. Male students were enrolled nearly twice as many times as regular students. Among the anticipated difficulties, clinical practice institutions (3.94) and clinical practice instructors (3.73) showed relatively higher scores than other difficulties such as teaching (3.58) and education facilities (3.30). Conclusion In order to improve the quality of nursing education for second-degree students, more nursing faculties and innovative clinical practice support systems are needed. Future study is warranted to investigate the educational experience of second-degree students and graduates.

No abstract available.
Child* ; Heart* ; Humans

PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate MR signal intensity(SI) of calcification and to assess the capability of MRI in detection of various intracranial calcifications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The MR findings and ROI value of experimental model of calcium carbonate suspension according to each concentration (20, 35, 50%) and diameter (1-10 mm) and hydroxyapatite suspension according to each concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50%) were analyzed. A specimen of calcification in cranio-pharyngioma was analyzed for its composition by XRD(X-ray diffractometer) and ICP(inductively coupled plasma) methods. MRI of 34 patients with intracranial calcifications were retrospectively analyzed for signal intensity of the calcification and its capability to detect calcifications according to size, location, and contrast with adjacent lesion. RESULTS: The calcium carbonate phantom with larger diameter and low concentration showed lower signal intensity on T2 than TlWl. Hydroxyapatite phantom showed high signal intensity in 10-30% concentration and low signal intensity in 40-50% concentration on T1 weighted image. The 5 cases of 34 intracranial calcifications showed high signal intensity on T1 weighted image. The capability of MRI in the detection of intracranial calcifications decreased in the circumstances such as small size(<2.5mm) and intraventricular location. Although the size of calcification was small, the detection was easy in the good contrast with adjacent lesion. However, the detection of the small sized calcification was easy if the contrast with adjacent lesion was good. CONCLUSION: lntracranial calcification shows generally low signal intensity on T1 and T2 weighted image with the exception of occasional high SI on TlWl. Detection of intracranial calcification in MRI is affected by its composition, size, location, and contrast with adjcent lesion.
Calcium Carbonate ; Durapatite ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Models, Theoretical ; Retrospective Studies

Temporary interruption of cerebral blood flow is an effective maneuver to prevent and/or to control excessive bleeding during cerebrovascular procedures. Despite the benefits of temporary arterial occlusion, there is still a risk of ischemic neuronal damage associated with this procedure. It remains controversial whether it is safer to use brief periods of interrupted temporary occlusion separated by reperfusion periods or single continuous temporary occlusion. Two injury mechanisms, disturbed calcium homeostasis and lipid peroxidation, participate in the neuronal damage caused by temporary occlusion but their contributions to the two different types of temporary occlusion are presumed to be different in some degrees. The authors investigated the effect of nimodipine(calcium channel blocker) and U74389G(21-aminosteroid, lipid peroxidation inhibitor) on the focal cerebral blood flow and the size of cerebral infarction in two different types of temporary occlusion(a single, one hour continuous occlusion or three 20-minute repeated occlusions during a 40-minute interval) using the cat focal ischemic model. Results are as follows: 1) Intermittent, repeated occlusion caused lesser cerebral infarction than single continuous occlusion. 2) Postischemic hypoperfusion was more severe in intermittent repeated occlusion group but it was not statistically significant. 3) Nimodipine and U74389G reduced the size of cerebral infarction caused by two types of temporary occlusions significantly but there was no difference between two treatments. 4) U74389G ameliorated the postischemic hypoperfusion caused by both types of temporary occlusion but nimodipine did not. 5) Nimodipine protected caudato-putamen from the ischemic injury more effectively than U74389G. On the basis of the above findings, both types of injury mechanism(disturbed calcium homeostasis and lipid peroxidation) seemed to contribute to the two types of temporary occlusion(single continuous and intermittent repeated), in the similar extent. It is presumed that nimodipine has a preventive effect during the ischemic period and U74389G has a protective effect during reperfusion period.
Animals ; Calcium ; Cats* ; Cerebral Infarction* ; Hemorrhage ; Homeostasis ; Lipid Peroxidation ; Neurons ; Nimodipine* ; Reperfusion

The authors analyzed 38 consecutive cases with an occipital arteriovenous malformation(AVM) in regard to visual field defect. The incidence of occipital AVM was 10.4% among 367 patients with a cerebral AVM treated between 1975 and 1994 in our institute. Bleeding rate of occipital AVM in this series was 86.8%(EE cases) and it was significantly higher than that of AVM in other locations. Of 38cases, 15 patients(39.5%) had a visual field defect on admission and all of them were accompanied by intracerebral hematomas caused by the rupture of AVMs. The presence of visual field defect did not correlate with angioarchitecture in reference to pattern of nidus, feeding artery, and draining vein. Of 15 patients with visual field defect. 10 patients showed homonymous hemianopsia and five patients, homonymous quadrantanopsia. The size and location of intracerebral hematoma correlated well with hemispheric approach : 11, parietooccipital approach : 10, with six preoperative embolization and 1 postoperative gamma knife surgery. Fifteen patients underwent gamma knife surgery with five preoperative embolization. One patient underwent embolization only. The results of treatment were as follows : There were no mortality and morbidity except for visual field defect. We confirmed complete resection or obliteration of malformed vessels in 25 patients and reduction of the nidus size in eight patients. Five patients were not followed. After gamma knife surgery, two patients showed rebleeding during the follow up period. Among 23 patients who had no visual field defect before treatment, three patients showed visual field defect after treatment(one after microsurgical resection using occipital interhemispheric approach, two after preoperative embolization). In 15 patients with visual field defect before treatment, four patients showed improvement in their visual field defect after treatment(three after microsurgical resection using occipital interhemispheric approach, one after gamma knife surgery). The parietooccipital approach did not change the status of visual field in any of the ten parients. In occipital AVM, visual field defect was the most srious morbidity. Ruptured occipital AVM had a higher incidence of hemorrhage causing a visual field defect and had a higher indication of direct surgical approach than AVM of other location. In planning surgery of occipital AVM, one has to count microsurgical anatomy based on the visual pathway as well as clinical findings such as the angioarchitecture, location of intracerebral hematoma, and preopeative visual field.
Arteries ; Arteriovenous Malformations* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematoma ; Hemianopsia ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Occipital Lobe ; Rupture ; Veins ; Visual Fields* ; Visual Pathways

A case of recanalization of totally thrombosed giant aneurysm is reported. The authors describe a 18 year-old female who developed headache, vomiting, and intermittent diplopia with left side ptosis. The brain CT scan and MRI revealed a totally thrombosed giant aneurysm with acute and subacute hemorrhage, located anterior to the left suprasellar cistern. Angiographic finding was non-visualization of the left posteior cerebral artery distal to the P2 segment, and the neck of the aneurysm was not identified. Follow-up angiography taken one month later showed partial recanalization of the thrombosed aneurysm. A probable mechanism of growth, thrombosis, and recanalization, of the giant aneurysms are discussed.
Adolescent ; Aneurysm* ; Angiography ; Brain ; Cerebral Arteries ; Diplopia ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Headache ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neck ; Thrombosis ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Vomiting

No abstract available.
Diagnosis* ; Hemangioma*

No abstract available.
Adenoma* ; Kidney*

No abstract available.
Adenoma* ; Kidney*