PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to assess the growth status and to evaluate the factors affecting the development of metabolic syndrome in children born with small for gestational age (SGA) at term gestation. METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 73 (36 boys, 37 girls) children born with SGA at term gestation who were visited for short stature and metabolic problems at Seoul National University Children' Hospital between 1994 and 2003. We assessed several clinical parameters as follows:birth weight, height standard deviation score (SDS), weight SDS, weight for height, bone age (BA), chronologic age (CA), predicted adult height (PAH) and midparental height (MPH). We evaluated the factors affecting height SDS according to pubertal status. We also evaluated the factors affecting development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia or obesity. RESULTS:Pubertal children had greater height SDS, weight SDS and difference between BA and CA than prepubertal children, respectively (P<0.05). Height SDS positively correlated with difference between BA and CA (r=0.43, P<0.01), but BA advancement (BA>CA) was not observed in prepubertal children. BA advancement was observed in all pubertal children except one. The children who had greater weight SDS than height SDS had significantly lower height SDS and delayed BA, respectively (P<0.05). The children who had metabolic problems had higher weight SDS (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that rapid skeletal maturation may develope during transition from prepuberty to puberty and catch-up growth may contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome in children born with SGA, but further study will be required.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Child* ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Dyslipidemias ; Gestational Age* ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Obesity ; Pregnancy* ; Puberty ; Retrospective Studies ; Seoul

No abstract available.
Humans ; Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin* ; Ultrasonography*

We report a case of Becker's nevus associated with smooth muscle hamartoma, in a 21-year-old male patient, which shows clinically match-head sized, flat topped, round to oval, grouped papules with hairs on the outer surface of the right arm, and microscopically reveals numerous bundles of smooth muscle fiber in the dermis.
Arm ; Dermis ; Hair ; Hamartoma* ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Smooth* ; Nevus* ; Young Adult

No abstract available.
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1* ; Interleukin-6* ; Keratinocytes*

No abstract available.
Fracture Fixation, Intramedullary*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Peritoneal Dialysis* ; Spinal Cord*

University life can be stressful for even the most satisfied students. Especially medical school students have higher levels of stress. To manage their stress level and social connection, they are using SNS. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of SNS on medical students by analysis of SNS use pattern of medical students. In the analysis of the first grade of Medicine, 51 students (58.6%) posted on Facebook in the past year and posted a total of 1,452 articles (average: 28.5). We analyzed the content of the posts and found that most of them were celebrating a birthday (50%) or confirming their regards (18%). Next, there were other people's posts (10%) and travel posts (6%). Besides, there were profile photo upload (3%), school life (3%), romance (2%) or family (1%). Female students (16 times / 17 students) changed the profile pictures more frequently than male students (18 times / 34 students) (p = 0.003). There was no statistical significance in all items except for the change of profile picture according to sex. On the other hand, the analysis of the content of the share showed that most of the contents shared about humor (42%), food (15%) and music (14%). Most of the medical students used SNS primarily for social activities, not for educational purposes. Based on this analysis, there should be more research on how SNS can help medical students during medical education.
Education, Medical ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Male ; Music ; Schools, Medical ; Students, Medical*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the quantitative evaluation of the corticospinal tract (CST) at the multiple levels by using functional MRI (fMRI) co-registered to diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten normal subjects without any history of neurological disorder participated in this study. fMRI was performed at 1.5 T MR scanner using hand grasp-release movement paradigm. DTT was performed by using DtiStudio on the basis of fiber assignment continuous tracking algorithm (FACT). The seed region of interest (ROI) was drawn in the area of maximum fMRI activation during the motor task of hand grasp-release movement on a 2-D fractional anisotropy (FA) color map, and the target ROI was drawn in the cortiocospinal portion of anterior lower pons. We have drawn five ROIs for the measurement of FA and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) along the corona radiata (CR) down to the medulla. RESULTS: The contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) was mainly found to be activated in all subjects. DTT showed that tracts originated from SM1 and ran to the medulla along the known pathway of the CST. In all subjects, FA values of the CST were higher at the level of the midbrain and posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC) than the level of others. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that co-registered fMRI and DTT has elucidated the state of CST on 3-D and analyzed the quantitative values of FA and ADC at the multiple levels. We conclude that co-registered fMRI and DTT may be applied as a useful tool for clarifying and investigating the state of CST in the patients with brain injury.
Anisotropy ; Brain Injuries ; Diffusion ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Extremities ; Hand ; Humans ; Internal Capsule ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon ; Nervous System Diseases ; Pons ; Pyramidal Tracts ; Seeds ; Track and Field

PURPOSE: To evaluate the merit of umbilical artery Doppler study as a predictive marker of perinatal outcome in preterm small for gestational age (SGA) infants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 218 patients at 27 - 36 weeks of gestational age (GA) who received antenatal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry and delivered singleton infants with SGA. The ratio of peak-systolic to end-diastolic blood flow velocities (S/D) in the umbilical artery was measured in each patient. The patients were divided into 3 groups: the normal group with S/D ratios of less than 95th percentile (n = 134), elevated S/D ratio group of 95th or more percentile (n = 41), and those with absent/reversed end diastolic flow (n = 43). Maternal characteristics and neonatal outcomes of these groups were comparatively analyzed. RESULTS: The gestational age (GA) at the time of diagnosis of SGA, the mean GA at delivery, and the mean birth weight showed statistically significant difference among three groups (p < 0.001). Also, poor perinatal outcome was significantly increased in infants with abnormal S/D ratio (13.4% vs. 31.7% vs. 67.4%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed umbilical artery Doppler study as a significant independent factor for prediction of poor perinatal outcome (odds ratio: 3.7, 95% confidence interval 1.4 - 9.5, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Antenatal umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry is shown as a significantly efficient marker in predicting perinatal outcome in preterm SGA infants.
Blood Flow Velocity ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; *Infant, Small for Gestational Age ; Multivariate Analysis ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Pregnancy ; *Pregnancy Outcome ; Retrospective Studies ; Ultrasonography, Doppler/*methods ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal/*methods ; Umbilical Arteries/*ultrasonography

PURPOSE: We analyzed the frequency and characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in the patients without coronary artery calcification (CAC) by the use of multidetector row CT (MDCT). In addition, we analyzed patients with negative CAC to guarantee the absence of coronary artery disease (CAD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred-ten patients with a suspicion of CAD and no CAC as detected on 16-slice and 64-slice MDCT were enrolled in this retrospective study. We analyzed the frequency of atherosclerotic plaques. For characterizing the atherosclerotic plaques, location, attenuation, volume, the degree of stenosis, and the remodeling index (RI) were analyzed. RESULTS: Atherosclerotic plaques were detected in 8 patients (7.3%). The plaques were located in the right coronary artery (n=3), left anterior descending artery (n=3), and left main coronary artery (n=2). Attenuation, volume, stenosis and RI were 41.4+/-16.6 HU (range, 20.2 - 69.9 HU), 55+/-55 mm3 (range, 15-179 mm3), 40.7+/-16.3% (range,16.0-68.0%) and 1.35+/-0.13 (range, 1.16-1.50). Lipid rich plaque and significant stenosis were detected in 6 patients and in 2 patients, respectively. CONCLUSION: Despite negative CAC as detected on MDCT, atherosclerotic plaque might have significant stenosis or lipid rich plaque. Therefore, negative CAC does not seem to guarantee the absence of CAD. Coronary CT angiography was recommended for patients with negative CAC.
Angiography ; Arteries ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Coronary Angiography ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Coronary Vessels ; Humans ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; Retrospective Studies