Objective To explore the differential proteins between livers of control and brain dead grups,and to provide an experimental basis for the assessment of liver quality in brain dead rabbits.Methods 60 healthy male New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups.The brain dead group (n=30) contained rabbits 2 hours (B1),6 hours (B2),and 8 hours(B3) after brain death.The sham group (n=30) contained groups of 2 hours (C1),6 hours (C2),and 8 hours (C3).At the end of the relevant experiments,blood samples and liver tissues were collected.The level of ALT and AST were determined by an automatic biochemistry analyzer and the morphologic changes of the livers were detected by HE staining.The differentially expressed proteins were screened and identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,PDQuest software,matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry,and the NCBI database.Results In 8 hour brain dead group,the level of ALT increased comparing with 6 h (P＜0.05),but there was no significant statistical difference in the other groups.Under real time observation with the light microscope,the livers of the brain dead groups had increased edema and infiltration of lymphocytes in the portal area,especially in the 8 hour group.However,infiltration of neutrophils also appeared in the 8 hour control group and all groups had no damage in the liver cell.There were 10 kinds of differentially expressed proteins through the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis,mass spectrometry analysis,and database query.One protein of interest was ALDH2,which showed a gradually decreasing expression in the liver when the braid dead time increased.Conclusion Brain death could lead to no damage of liver function and little damage to liver morphology.The identified protein ALDH2 may be related with liver injury after brain death and could be a new indicator in the assessment of liver quality in brain dead rabbits.

Objective To explore the way to establish the brain death model for rabbits and pathophysiological changes before and after brain death.Methods 80 healthy male New Zealand rabbits were divided into brain death group (n =60) and sham operation group (n =20),The 60 brain death rabbits were established by increasing intracranial pressure in a modified,slow,and intermittent way.The sham operation rabbits were only maintained with anesthesia.Results The 56 brain death rabbits were established successfully and maintained for 10 h with the respiration and circulation supports.2 rabbits died due to anesthetic accident,the other 2 died because of improper pressure.The surgical success rate is 93.3％ (56/60).The changes of mean artery pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in brain death group were more significant than in sham operation group:MAP and HR fluctuated and showed the increased tendency.The mean MAP and HR during increasing intracranial pressure were (400.24±18.36) mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) and (258.00 ± 25.70) beats/min respectively,which was significantly higher than before and after increasing intracranial pressure (P＜0.05).Conclusions The brain death model for rabbits could be established by increasing intracranial pressure in a modified,slow,and intermittent way successfully and maintained 10 h.the MAP and HR before and after brain death showed characteristic changes.The model is helpful to the further observation of organ changes in brain dead state.

Objective To evaluate the role of hippocampal histone acetylation in isoflurane-induced amnestic effect in mice.Methods Fifty-four male C57BL/6J mice,aged 8 weeks,weighing 18-22 g,were randomly divided into 3 groups (n =18 each) using a random number table:control group (group C),isoflurane group (group ISO) and histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate group (group SB).Group C inhaled 35％ oxygen for 30 ain,and ISO and SB groups inhaled the mixture of 35 ％ oxygen and 0.4％ isoflurane for 30 min,and then the animals underwent contextual fear conditioning training.After the end of training,normal saline 6 ml/kg was intraperitoneally injected in C and ISO groups,while in group SB,sodium butyrate 1.2 g/kg was intraperitoneally injected.One hour after the end of training,3 mice were sacrificed randomly in each group and their hippocampi were immediately removed for determination of the expression of acetylated histone-H3 (Ac-H3) and Ac-H4 by Western blot.Twenty-four hours after the end of training,contextual fear conditioning test and open field test were conducted.The freezing time,total distance and time of staying at the central zone were recorded.Results Compared with group C,Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 expression was significantly down-regulated,and the percentage of freezing time during testing was decreased in group ISO (P ＜ 0.05).Compared with group ISO,Ac-H3 and Ac-H4 expression was significantly up-regulated,and the percentage of freezing time during testing was increased in group SB (P ＜ 0.05).There was no significant difference in the percentage of freezing time during training,total distance and time of staying in the central zone among the 3 groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Hippocampal histone acetylation is involved in the regulation of isoflurane-induced amnestic effect in mice.

Objective To explore the feasibility of inherent depressive Fawn-Hooded (FH/Wjd)rats as a comorbidity model of mental disorder and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by comparing visceral sensitivity of FH/Wjd rats and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods Depression trait of FH/Wjd rats was validated through forced swimming test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT).Visceral sensitivity to colorectal distention (CRD) under various pressures was assessed by abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR). The expression of 5-HT in rats' colon,c-fos expression in colon and brain areas of infralimbic cortex (IL),prelimbic cortex (PrL) and rostral anterior cingulated cortex (rACC)was tested with immunohistochemistry. Results FST indicated that the immobility time of FH/Wjd rats was significantly longer than that in SD rats (t=-8. 931,P＜0. 01). SPT showed that the ratio of sucrose water in total liquid consumed was significantly lower in FH/Wjd rats than that of SD rats(t=4. 155,P=0. 01). At each CRD pressure gradient (20,40,60 and 80 mm Hg,1 mm Hg=0. 133kPa),AWR score was all significantly higher in FH/Wjd rats than that of SD rats (t=-2. 697,-3.464,-6.822 and -3. 976,P=0. 022,0.006,0.000 and 0.003). The expression level of 5-HT in FH/Wjd rats' control group was significantly higher than that of SD rats' control group (t=-11.371,P=0. 000). Compared with their own control group,5-HT expression increased both in FH/Wjd rats dilated groups and SD rats dilated groups,and the expression level in FH/Wjd rats was higher than that of SD rats (t= -3. 364,P= 0. 007). There was no significant difference of c-fos expression in colon and prefrontal brain areas between FH/Wjd rats' control group and SD rats'control group (colon:t=-0. 129,P= 0. 900;IL:t=-1. 316,P= 0. 218;PrL:t=1. 241,P = 0. 243;rACC:t=2. 151,P = 0. 057). Compared with their own control group,the expression of c-fos in colon and prefrontal brain areas significantly increased both in FH/Wjd rats dilated groups and SD rats dilated groups,and the expression level in FH/Wjd rats was higher than that of SD rats (colon: t=- 5.864,P= 0.000;IL:t=-2. 530,P = 0. 030;PrL:t=-7. 039,P= 0. 000;rACC:t=-6. 489,P=0. 000). Conclusions Inherent depressive FH/Wjd rats present visceral hypersensitivity. Meanwhile,the expression of 5-HT in colon is high,and with hyperreactivity to visceral noxious stimuli in colon and brain IL,PrL,and rACC areas. FH/Wjd rats might be a comorbidity animal model of mental disorder and IBS.

Liver transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases.To expand the donor source,the Ministry of Health (MOH) initiated a new national program called Donation of Citizen's Deceased (DCD) to address the need for organ transplantation in 2010.However,it has been proven that DCD liver transplantation has the poorer graft function in short-and long-term outcome compared to live donor liver transplantation.In order to improve the effect of DCD liver transplantation,the preconditioning of DCD liver,as an effective measure,is gaining more and more attention.This review summarizes the recent research progress on the application of preconditioning in DCD liver transplantation during perioperative period.

Chinese donation after citizen's death (CDCD) is an important way to solve the donor shortage problem,but if we can't effectively control warm ischemia time of CDCD donor,it's easy to cause grafts primary nonfunction,early grafts dysfunction and biliary complications.Nowadays,with the development of surgical techniques,the definition of warm ischemia continues has been continuously updated.The understanding on different definitions may lay the foundation for improving the survival rate of liver and kidney and effectively protect liver and kidney function after transplantation.This paper overviewed the significance of different definitions of warm ischemia and its effect on liver and renal function,which could provide a reference for further experimental study and clinical practice.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy on hyperbaric oxygenation combined with 0.025% ipratropium bromide inhalation in treatment of patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease( COPD) .Methods 86 elderly patients with stable COPD were divided into control group (n=42)and observation group(n=44)according to therapeutic methods.The patients in both groups were firstly given the conventional treatment such as oxygen inhalation, anti-infection, eliminating phlegm and reliving asthma, nutritional support, spasmolysis as well as a balance of water, electrolyte and PH.And the patients of the observation group were given hyperbaric oxygenation combined with 0.025% ipratropium bromide inhalation on basis of the conventional treatment.The clinical effects of the two groups were compared.Results In the control group, there were no statistical differences in parameters of pulmonary function before and after the treatment.However, after treatment, the relative index level of pulmonary function in the observation group was significantly higher than that of pre-treatment and that of the control group after treatment(P<0.05).After treatment, PaO2, SaO2 and pH of the two groups were significantly higher than those of pre-treatment(P<0.05).The level of PaCO2 in the two groups was significantly lower than that of pre-treatment(P<0.05).Also, the difference in PaO2, PaCO2 and SaO2 level was statistically significant before and after treatment between thw two groups(P<0.05).The scores of each dimension in PSQI scale of both groups were significantly lower than those of pre-treatment(P<0.05).And the scores of each dimension in PSQI scale of observation group was significantly lower than those of the control group after treatment(P<0.05).Whole blood cholinesterase activity of both groups was obviously greater than before treatment between theo two groups(P<0.05).Serum creatinine level of both groups were obviously lower than those of pre-treatment(P<0.05),and the differences in two groups in both blood cholinesterase activity and serum creatinine level were statistically significant ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion The combination of high pressure oxygen and 0.025%ipratropium bromide for patients with stable COPD has a very significant clinical efficacy.It can effectively improve cholinesterase activity and lower serum creatinine level.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathologic features of intraspinal ganglioneuroma.Meth-ods:We collected 1 2 cases of diagnosed ganlioneuroma arising from the spine and one case of ganlioneuro-ma arising from mediastinum as the control.Clinical and radiographic features were reviewed.The pathologi-cal parameters of these cases were analyzed with routine and immunohistochemical stainings of neural fiber (NF),S-100 protein(S-100),myelin based protein(MBP),peripheral myelin protein 22(PMP22),smooth mus-cle actin(SMA),glial fibrilary acidic protein(GFAP)and Ki-67.Results:The disease was likely to occur in pa-tients aged 30-40 years old and more common in female.These cases were all intral cervical spinal tumors and presented with radicular neuralgia and mass effects of cervical spinal cord compression.Ganglioneuro-mas which occasionally contained normal spindle shaped cells were composed of mature or degenarative ganglion cells and neoplastic Schwannian stroma.Ganglion cells appeared positive for NF.Schwannian stro-ma as well as satellite cells around ganglion showed immunoreactivity for S-100.more intense than neurofi-bro-stroma.Mature spindle shaped cells showed immumoreactivity for MBP.Ki-67 labeling indices were usual-ly 0-1%while in Schwannian stroma areas were 3%.No blood vessel endothelium proliferation was ob-served.Conclusion:Intraspinal ganglioneuromas are rare benign tumors(WHO grand I),causing radicular neuralgia.It is jmportant to distinguish ganglioneuroma with spinal root encircled from Schwannoma or neuro-fibroma in the same anatomic location.The optimal treatment is surgical total resection.

Biliary complication (BC) after liver transplantation has attracted increased attention from a clinical and research perspective.BC,which affects the long-term outcome of the liver transplant,includes diseases of biliary stricture,biliary obstruction,biliary fistula,and many more that need an operation or interventional therapy.The occurrence of these diseases is related to the surgical operation,biliary tract variation,vessel injury,and quality of the donor graft.This article reviews BC and its etiology,diagnosis,and therapy in order to help future clinical and experimental studies.

Objective To compare the outcome of donation after cardiac death (DCD) versus donation after brain death (DBD) for liver transplantation.Method Such databases as PubMed,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL),EMbase,the ISI Web of Knowledge databases and CBMdisk were searched from Month 1990 to March 2011 for collecting the randomized controlled trials (RCTs),case control studies and cohort analysis about DCD versus DBD for liver transplantation,and the references of those trials were also searched by hand.After study selection,assessment and data extraction conducted by two reviewers independently,meta-analyses were performed by using the RevManS.1 software.The quality of evidence was assessed by using the GRADEpro software.Result DCD group had similar MELD of recipients with DBD group before operation [Z =1.37,95％ CI(-2.25,0.26),P =0.17],and DCD group got shorter cold ischemia time than DBD group [Z=2.26,95％CI(-1.76,-0.12),P =0.02].DCD group had higher hiliary complication incidence [Z =6.37,95％ CI(1.89,3.31),P＜0.000 01],higher vascular complication incidence [Z =2.14,95％ CI(1.03,2.17),P =0.03],higher liver primary non-function (PNF) incidence [Z =4.43,95％ CI (2.02,6.17),P＜0.000 01],lower 1-year graft survival rate [Z =3.78,95％ CI(0.84,0.94),P =0.0002] and lower 3 year graft survival rate[Z=2.54,95％ CI(0.73,0.96),P =0.01] than DBD group.The quality of the result was verified from low to moderate.Conclusion Liver transplantation using DCD had higher incidence of complications and lower 1-year and 3-year graft survival rate than DBD.For the poor quality of the original studies,a prudent choice is suggested.More randomized controlled trials are needed.