Objective To study the genotypic and biological characteristics of catheter-related MRSE isolates and to further provide information for the diagnosis and prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection. Methods Thirty strains of catheter-related MRSE isolates were collected from venosus blood and whole blood of 30 inpatients including 20 males and 10 females from Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2006 to December 2009. The genetic features of these strains were determined by MLST. PCR was used to detect the icoA gene (encoding the polysaccharide intercellular adhesion associated with pathogenicity), and the antimicrobial susceptibility test was detected by disc diffusion test. Results A total of 15 STs were obtained from 30 strains ST259, ST20, ST2 and ST235 were common clones obtained from 17 strains. Four novel STs were found and uploaded to the MLST database (http://www. mlst. net), including ST259 (6 strains), ST260 (1 strain), ST261 (1 strain) and ST262 (1 strain). The ST259 was the dominant clone of catheter-related MRSE isolates in this hospital, and 3 strains carrying icaA gene were detected in this study. Conclusion Some ST259 isolates express high pathogenesis among the four novel STs, which may make them as the pandemic strains in nosocomial infection, and this would increase the difficulty of the prevention and control of nosocomial infection.

The herbal volatile oil and aromatic herbs are traditional Chinese medicine which have some unique characteristics of volatility, special smell, complicated chemical constituents and the water insoluble property. The aromatic herbs from different sources have biodiversity effects on the cardiovascular, central nervous, respiratory and gastrointestinal system. They also play important roles in antibiosis, anti-inflammation, anticancer, antivirus and absorption enhancement, etc. In recent years, the herbal volatile oil and aromatic herbs have been widely reported to show broad prospect in medicinal application. In order to support various developmental works, the latest research results on herbal volatile oil and aromatic herbs are reviewed in this article in respect of chemical constituents, pharmacological action, and absorption enhancement.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Herbal Medicine ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Oils, Volatile ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Plant Oils ; chemistry ; therapeutic use

Objective To explore the success rate and the risk of establishment of the acute myocardial infarction model between the beagle dogs and the mini-pigs by interventional technique ,further to provid theoretical basis for choose a more suitable animal model .Methods 6 dogs and 6 mini-pigs were anaesthetized ,then underwent the coronary arteriography via femoral artery .After is-chemic preconditioning the coronary balloon was inflated to occlude the middle left anterior descending coronary for 180 minutes . The electrocardiogram was examined throughout the operation and the pathological sections were examined until the animals were executed one week later .Results All beagle dogs survived ,while 1 case of mini-pigs dead(1/6) .There was 1 cases(1/6) of beagle dogs had acute myocardial infarction ,while 5(5/6)cases in mini-pigs .All mini-pigs had malignant arrhythmia(6/6) but never seen in beagle dogs .The time needed for building a model was similar between the two groups ,the difference had no statistical signifi-cance(P>0 .05) .Conclusion The risk of establish myocardial infarction model in mini-pigs is higher than beagle dogs ,but the suc-cess rate is still high ,it might be the better choice .

Objective To study on virulence characteristics and multilocus sequence type of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from clinic in Beijing Tongren hospital.Methods Total 152 strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates were collected from diarrheal patients of outpatients in Beijing Tongren Hospital,Capital Medical University from 2009 to 2011.PCR was used to detect hemolysin gene thermo stable direct themolysin gene (tdh),TDH-related hemolysin gene (trh),type Ⅲ secretion system 2 (T3SS2α,T3SS2β)and systematic functional gene (toxRS/new,orf8) for pandemic 03∶ K6 clone and its derivatives.The genetic features of these strains were determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST).Results 96％ (146/152) VP harbored tdh gene,2％ (3/152) VP harbored trh gene and 100％ (152/152) VP harbored T3SS2 gene.In this study there were 107 pandemic strains (both tdh and toxRS/new positive and trh negative),38 pathogenic strains (tdh positive and/or trh positive) and 6 nonpathogenic strains (both tdh and trh negative).All nonpathogenic strains harbored systematic functional gene (toxRS/new,orf8).Only one pathogenic strains harbored orf8 gene.One clone harbored all virulence gene.In this study there were 16 sequence types,and ST3 is the pandemic sequence type,including 113 strains,and four new sequence types were found.Conclusions In this study more than 90％ Vibrio haemolyticus harbored tdh gene and ST3 was the pandemic sequence type in Beijing.One can get bacterial pathogenic charateristic and population genetics information by virulence gene testing and MLST.

BACKGROUNDCytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6) plays an important role in oxidation of nicotine and in activation of tobacco-related carcinogens. It has been suggested that individuals with defective CYP2A6 allele are at a lower risk of developing lung cancer. This study is to investigate the frequency of CYP2A6 gene deletion and the relationship of CYP2A6 genetic polymorphism with lung cancer risk in Chinese.

METHODSA case-control study which detected CYP2A6 genotype of 180 patients with lung cancer and 224 controls by PCR-based genotype assay was conducted.

RESULTSNo relationship was found between the frequency of CYP2A6 gene deletion and lung cancer risk. There was only one case of CYP2A6 del/del genotype in the controls. The frequency of CYP2A6 del allele was 13.8% in the controls, and 12.8% in lung cancer cases. The CYP2A6 del/del genotype was not found in lung cancer cases.

CONCLUSIONSThere is no difference in frequency of CYP2A6 gene deletion between lung cancer cases and controls.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVEResults of studies on genetic polymorphisms of ERCC1 gene in DNA repair pathway which may affect response to platinum-based chemotherapy and survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer are conflicting. The aim of this study is to prospectively assess the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of C8092A and codon118 in ERCC1 and drug response in 90 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

METHODSAll patients were treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Genotypes of ERCC1 C8092A and codon118 were examined by sequencing, and the association between genotypes and response was evaluated.

RESULTSGenotype frequencies of ERCC1 C8092A were CC 40.0% (36/90), CA 48.9% (44/90) and AA 11.1% (10/90), frequencies of codon118 were CC 58.9% (53/90), CT 34.4% (31/90) and TT 6.7% (6/90). There was no significant difference in response rate of patients carrying with CC, compared with CA plus AA in C8092A (33.3% vs 29.6%, P = 0.71). Response rate of patients carrying with CC in ERCC1 118 was 32.1%, 24.3% with CT plus CC (P = 0.43). There was no difference in progression free survival between patients carrying with CC and CT plus TT in C8092A (5.2 months vs 5.4 months, P = 0.62). There was no difference in progression free survival between patients carrying with CC and CA plus AA (5.5 months vs 5.3 months, P = 0.59).

CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that there is no association between polymorphisms in ERCC1 C8092A and codon118 and response in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Adult ; Aged ; Antineoplastic Agents ; therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; drug therapy ; genetics ; mortality ; Cisplatin ; therapeutic use ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Disease-Free Survival ; Endonucleases ; genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; genetics ; mortality ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; genetics ; Prospective Studies

With the rapid acceleration of aging in China, there is a huge need for elderly patients to have improved quality of life in the terminal stage.Palliative sedation is an integral part of palliative care and can alleviate painful refractory symptoms, and its use in patients in various terminal illnesses is being explored across the world.Attention is focused on its indications and implementation.In China, palliative sedation in clinical practice is in an early exploratory stage and relevant criteria and guidelines have yet to be established.A review of the current practice and research progress concerning palliative sedation for patients' end-of-life care in China and the rest of the world will offer insight and strategic considerations in the initial pursuit and accelerated acceptance in the future in China.

BACKGROUNDTo investigate the relations between metabolizing enzymes' genetic polymorphism and lung cancer risk in Chinese, especially in heavy smokers.

METHODSCYP1A1, 2D6, 2E1 and GSTM1 genotypes were detected in 180 patients with lung cancer and 224 controls by PCR-based genotype assays.

RESULTSCYP1A1 variant allele, CYP2D6 wild allele, CYP2E1 A genotype, GSTM1-null genotype were found to be associated with lung cancer. The individuals who carried GSTM1-null genotype and one of the CYP1A1, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 'in risk' genotypes had a 2.24-2.69 fold increased risk of lung cancer. The heavy smokers had a significantly increased risk of lung cancer than the non-smokers who carried the same genotype of metabolizing enzymes. The heavy smoker who carried all the four 'in risk' genotypes of metabolizing enzymes had an obviously increased risk of lung cancer (OR=9.85, 95%CI=2.30-45.71).

CONCLUSIONSThe individuals who carry the 'in risk' genotype of metabolizing enzymes have an increased risk of lung cancer. It is positively associated with tobacco carcinogen dose.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on pulmonary microvascular en-dothelial cell(PMVEC)injury induced by the serum of mice with renal ischemia-reperfusion(I∕R)injury. Methods Renal I∕R was induced by clamping bilateral renal pedicles for 60 min followed by 24 h of reper-fusion. Primary PMVECs of mice were divided into 3 groups(n=20 each)using a random number table:control group(group C), serum of mice underwent I∕R group(group I∕R)and dexmedetomidine group (group Dex). PMVECs were cultured with 10% serum of mice underwent sham operation in group C. PM-VECs were cultured with 10% serum of mice underwent I∕R injury in group I∕R. PMVECs were incubated for 3 h with dexmedetomidine at the final concentration of 0.1 μmol∕L before incubation with serum in group Dex. At 24 h of culture or incubation, the cell survival rate was detected by CCK8 assay, cell apoptosis by Hoechst 33258 staining, caspase-3 activity using colorimetric method, and the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax using Western blot. Results Compared with group C, the cell survival rate was significantly decreased, the apoptosis rate and activity of caspase-3 were increased, the expression of Bcl-2 was down-regulated, and the expression of Bax was up-regulated in I∕R and Dex groups(P<0.01). Compared with group I∕R, the cell survival rate was significantly increased, the apoptosis rate and activity of caspase-3 were de-creased, the expression of Bcl-2 was up-regulated, and the expression of Bax was down-regulated in group Dex(P<0.01). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine can reduce PMVEC injury induced by the serum of mice with renal I∕R injury, and the mechanism is related to regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax and inhib-iting mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.

Objective To investigate the epidemic tendency and drug resistance of common pathogenic bacteria in the patients with infectious diarrhea,and then provide scientific evidence for the treatment of bacterial diarrhea.Methods The feces specimens were collected from 12 156 patients with infectious diarrhea in our hospital during April 1,2012 and October 31,2017.Then,they were cultured,and the obtained bacteria were isolated and identified by the Vitek 2 Compact system and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS).The serotype and drug resistance of the obtained bacteria were analyzed by the agglutination test and K-B disk diffnsion method,respectively.Results A total of 1 218 strains (10.02％,1 218/12 156) of pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 12 156 feces specimens,including 926 (7.62％,926/12 156) strains of Vibrio,96 (0.79％,96/12 156) strains of Aeromonas,178 (1.46％,178/12 156) strains of Salmonella and 18 (0.15％,18/12 156) strains of Shigella.The detection rates of pathogenic bacteria per year were 9.2％,11.9％,13.4％,7.0％,11.3％ and 7.2％,respectively,from 2012 to 2017.The detection rate of Shigella was low,but it had a high resistance to ampicillin and compound sulfamethoxazole (SMZ-TMP).Other pathogenic bacteria were more sensitive to SMZ-TMP,ceftriaxone,aztreonam,gentamycin and quinolones except ampicillin.Conclusion The main pathogenic bacterium in the patients with infectious diarrhea is Vibrio,and Shigella has the highest resistance to most drugs.The overall infection tendency is sporadic.It is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of pathogenic bacteria and their drug resistance in the patients with infectious diarrhea.