A near infrared (NIR) method for the detection of illegal addition of sildenafil citrate in capsules of Chinese traditional medicine was constructed. The diffuse reflectance near infrared spectra were recorded using integrated sphere and fiber optics respectively. Using the spectra of the sildenafil citrate standard as Reference spectra, the threshold of the correlation coefficient was set up based on the minimum effective concentration of the sildenafil citrate. By comparing the threshold with the correlation coefficient between the tested spectra and the Reference spectra in the selected spectral range, the tested sample contains sildenafil citrate is determined. For the integrated sphere method, the spectral range of 6070-5800 cm~(-1) and 4170-4070 cm~(-1) were selected, and 70% was set as threshold. For the fiber method, 6070-5800 cm~(-1) and 65% were used. 79 and 247 batches of the Chinese traditional medicines contained sildenafil citrate collected from the Chinese market were used to validate the two methods separately. The accuracy of the integrated sphere method was 91.14%, and that of f iber method was 87.45%.

The near infrared ( NIR ) spectra of 76 batches of the amoxicillin capsules from different manufacturers and their corresponding content powder without capsules cell were used to find some quantitative indicators to evaluate whether the piecewise direct standardization ( PDS ) algorithm succeeded in NIR quantitative model updating. 54 batches were used to construct the NIR quantitative model for capsule preparation. All the NIR spectra of amoxicillin capsules were divided into five classes by cluster analysis, and each class can be regarded as a homology sample set. The average spectrum for each homology sample set was calculated. Ten to Fifteen spectra were selected from each homology sample set as the corresponding master spectra of the PDS algorithm to correct all the NIR spectra of the amoxicillin content powder respectively. Then the corrected spectra were predicted by the constructed NIR quantitative model for amoxicillin capsules. The prediction error for each corrected powder spectrum, and the correlation coefficient between each corrected powder spectrum and the average spectrum of the corresponding homolog sample set which the PDS master spectra came from, were calculated. Finally, the relationship between the prediction error and its corresponding correlation coefficient were studied. It was found that the correction results correlated closely with the selected master spectra set in PDS algorithm. The bigger the correlation coefficient ( r) , the better the correction results. In general, when r is less than 99%, it can be judged that the PDS correction is failed. At this condition, the prediction error is often more than 5%. Therefore, the correlation coefficient between the corrected spectrum and its corresponding average spectrum of the homology sample set can be used as an indicator to evaluate the efficiency of the PDS correction.

Objective To explore the therapeutic value and effects of relaxing retinotomy for perforating traction retinal detachment(PTRD). Method A retrospective survey was done in 21 patinets (21 eyes) with PTRD who underwent vitrectomy combined with relaxing retinotomy in our hospital from 1998 to 2001. Results The retinae were completely reattached in all 21 cases. The visual acuity of 12 patients (57%) was counting finger, and the best visual acuity was 0.05. Among the 18 patients who were followed up for 6 to 25 months, 14(77.8%) remained retinal reattachment. Conclusions Relaxing retinotomy is effective for anatomic reattachment of PTRD, especially to the patients with retinal incarceration and severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

The molecular descriptors of impurities with known structure in cefdinir were calculated, selected and associated with the chromatographic retention behavior to establish a model. This quantitative structure retention relationships (QSRR) model for the related substances of cefdinir was established under specific chromatographic condition and verified by other impurities. 12 molecular descriptors were used to establish the QSRR model, F_AFRBWF, Blbn_J, SsCH3, SssCH2, SsNH2, SssNH, SssS, SHdCH2, EEM_AFc, EEM_AFpl, EEM_XFpl and Pi_MaxQ. The relativity between true values and predictions in QSRR of cefdinir is R2 = 0.9836 (n = 18), ΔRRT is no more than 0.154, as 10.17% in RRT. The results indicate that the QSRR model for the related substances of cefdinir can be used to evaluate the analysis methods for related substances and predict the chromatographic behavior of new impurities, which will provide a new way for the evaluation of the effectiveness for drug quality control.

Objective To compare different susceptibility testing methods of tigecycline against Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae.Methods Fifty carbapenem-resietant A.baumannii (CRAB) strains and 49 K.pneumoniae strains were collected from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital during January and March 2012.Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and inhibitory zone diameters for tigecycline were determined by broth microdilution,Vitek-2,MTS and disk diffusion methods.The results of Vitek-2,MTS and disk diffusion methods were compared with those of broth microdilution method.Results According to FDA standards,the susceptibilities of CRAB and K.pneumoniae to tigecycline determined by broth microdilution,Vitek-2 and MTS were 94.0％/91.8％,68.0％/91.8％ and 90.0％/91.8％,respectively.For CRAB isolates,the essential agreement (EA) and categorical agreement (CA) produced by Vitek-2 and MTS were 94.0％/72.0％ and 92.0％/90.0％.MICs determined by Vitek-2 were 1-2 dilutions higher than the reference method in 33 (66.0％) strains,and those determined by MTS were higher in 16 (32.0％) strains and lower in 11 (22.0％) strains.For K.pneumoniae isolates,the EA/CA produced by Vitek-2 and MTS were 95.9％/98.0％ and 83.7％/91.8％,respectively.MICs determined by Vitek-2 were 1-3 dilutions lower than the reference method in 17 (34.7％) strains,and those determined by MTS were 1-3 dilutions lower than the reference method in 39 (79.6％) strains.None of thetwo methods produced very major error (VME) and major error (ME) against two kinds of isolates.The results were determined by disk diffusion method using different breakpoints according different isolates.For CRAB,using ≥14 mm/≤ 10 mm as breakpoint,CA was 94.0％,which was higher than the breakpoint recommended by Jones et al (≥16 mm/≤12 mm,CA was 82.0％) ; and for K.pneumoniae,using the ≥ 14 mm/≤ 10 mm as breakpoint,CA was 93.9％,higher than the FDA Enterobacteriaceae breakpoint (≥ 19 mm/≤ 14 mm,CA was 67.3％).Conclusion For CRAB strains,MTS produces better consistence with broth microdilution,with several higher or lower MIC results.For K.pneumoniae strains,Vitek-2 has better correlation with reference method,with several lower MIC results.The consistence between disk diffusion method and broth microdilution is comparatively lower,and the breakpoint should be adjusted according to different bacteria.

Objective To investigate the early diagnostic value and prognostic significance of serum procalcitonin (PCT) in patients with sepsis. Methods Ninety cases between December 2008 and April 2009 were collected. According to the 1991 ACCP/SCCM and 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS sepsis diagnosis criteria,they were divided into sepsis group (50 cases), nonbacterial systemic inflammation syndrome group (SIRS group, 17 cases) and control group (23 cases). Sepsis group was divided into two subgroups (survival group and death group) according to 28-day prognosis Dynamic changes of serum PCT, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell (WBC), and neutrophil count percentage (N) on the 1st, 4th day after admission was monitored,meanwhile, the maximal body temperature was recorded. Results The serum PCT level of sepsis group on the 1st day was higher than that in SIRS group and control group,and the difference was statistically significant [6.68 μg/L(1.16-12.46 μg/L) vs 0.22 μg/L(0.05-0.54 μg/L) vs 0.05 μg/L(0.05-0.27 μg/L), P < 0.05]. The serum PCT level of death group was higher than that in survival group,and the difference was statistically significant[11.89μg/L (10.00-28.67 μg/L) vs 2.44 μg/L(1.11-10.00 μg/L),P<0.05]. In sepsis group,serum PCT was positively correlated with APACHE Ⅱ score(r = 0.511, P = 0.000). The area under the ROC curve of PCT was bigger than that of CRP,WBC,N and ESR. The serum PCT level of survival group gradually decreased to normal level after the therapy,but the serum PCT level of death group didn't decrease significantly. Conclusions Serum PCT is a better biomarker in the early diagnosis of sepsis,and its sensitivity and specificity is superior to other inflammation parameters. It positively correlates with the severity of sepsis and can predict the prognosis.

In medical education,the application of discussion of teaching reform can enhance medical students'interest in learning,stimulate their innovative thinking,develop their clinical thinking and critical thinking.improve their psychological quality and language skills and improve knowledge and comprehensive quality of teachers as well.

Abstract: Construction of a successful near infrared analysis model is a complex task. It spends a lot of manpower and material resources, and is restricted by sample collection and model optimization. So it is important to study on the extended application of the existing near infrared (NIR) models. In this paper, cephradine capsules universal quantitative model was used as an example to study on the feasibility of its extended application. Slope/bias correction and piecewise direct standardization correction methods were used to make the universal model to fit to predict the intermediates in manufacturing processes of cephradine capsules, such as the content of powder blend or granules. The results showed that the corrected NIR universal quantitative model can be used for process control although the results of the model correction by slope/bias or piecewise direct standardization were not as good as that of model updating. And it also indicated that the model corrected by slope/bias is better than that by piecewise direct standardization. Model correction provided a new application for NIR universal models in process control.

Objective To validate whether troponin T(TNT)gene can be used as molecular genetic makers for selection of elite weightlifters.Methods Using PCR-RFLP(Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism)to measure the characteristics of distribution of SNP/C7761T in sTnT gene and SNP/T7955C in fTnT gene of elite athletes group(A) and normal control group(C).Results(1)Polymorphic loci of SNP/C7761T in sTnT gene and SNP/T7955C in frnT gene were consistent with the H-W equilibrium.(2)There was no significant difference of SNP/C7761T in sTnT gene and SNP/T7955C in fTnT gene between elite athlete group and normal control group.Conclusion SNP/C7761T in sTnT gene and SNP/T7955C in frnT gene can not be used as molecular genetic markers for selection of elite weightliflers.

Objective The epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from bloodstream infections,their antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence-associated factors were studied.Methods A total of 90 isolates from 17 hospitals were collected from the patients with bloodstream infections during July 2013 and July 2014.Vitek-2 Compact system was used for identification of the strains and antibiotic susceptibility testing.The epidemiology was studied by pulsed-field gelectrophoresis(PFGE).Drug-resistant genes and associated virulence genes were amplified by PCR.Results According to antimicrobial susceptibility testing,75 isolates are multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.PFGE results showed that 75 multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates belonged to eight clone types(A to H),with the A (n=51)and B (n=14)clone being the dominant PFGE clone types.Different clone isolates spread in different hospitals.Most of the hospitals were given priority to with clone A.Clone A only maintaining high sensitive rate to cefoperazone/sulbactam、amikacin and tigecycline.Virulence gene abaI,cusE,ompA,bap,bfms detection rates are 93.3% (84/90),92.2% (83/90),100.0% (90/90),84.4% (76/90),92.2% (83/90),respectively.There were 7 mucoid isolates,which are all multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,all belong to clone B and all associated virulence genes can be detected.Conclusions The dominant clone type of multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii from bloodstream infections is clone A.The abaI-,bap-and bfms-positive strains are associated with a higher incidence of antibiotic resistance in most types of antimicrobials.The acquisition of mucous type may indicate the emergence of virulent strains,which should be paid attention to during clinical treatment.