Objective To explore the relationship among the disease - syndrome - formula of type 2 diabetes.Methods Based on the clinical data of 2501 cases of type 2 diabetes, to study the relationship among the disease - syndrome - formula of type 2 diabetes by making use of association rules.Results Three formulas, Shengmai Yin (Pulse-activating Fluid), Liuwei Dihuang Decoction (Decoction of Six Herbs Including Rehmannia), and Sijunzi Decoction (Decoction of Four Noble Herbs), were selected from 122 ones to analyze the relationship between the formula and symptoms. The occurrence of fatigue with weakness, dry mouth with thirst, frequent urination with increased volume of urine, numbness of limbs, blurred vision, thirst with preference of drinking water, frequent nocturnal urination, and shortness of breath with inactive talking was in high frequency in those patients who were prescribed Shengmai Yin. The occurrence of fatigue with weakness, thirst with preference of drinking water, blurred vision, frequent nocturnal urination, dry mouth with thirst, numbness of limbs, shortness of breath with inactive talking, and soreness and weakness of lumbus and legs was in high frequency in those patients prescribed Liuwei Dihuang Decoction, and there existed a multi-association among these symptoms. The occurrence of fatigue with weakness, soreness and weakness of lumbus and legs, frequent nocturnal urination, shortness of breath with inactive talking, numbness of limbs, insomnia, and blurred vision was in high frequency in those patients who were prescribed Sijunzi Decoction, and there existed a multi-association among these symptoms.Conclusion The association rule can be adopted to analyze the relationship between formula and syndrome, and to explore the multi-association relationship among the symptoms of type 2 diabetes.

Objective To explore the relationship between gene mutation and different syndromes of TCM in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy(DN).Methods Sixty-three patients with diabetic nephropathy in the early stage were observed.The methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR)C676T polymorphism was determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism(PCR-RFLP)assay.The levels of homocysteine(Hcy),acidum folicum,fasting glucose,postprandial glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1C),urinary albumin excretion rate(UAER),and blood lipid were measured respectively,and the TCM syndromes were recorded.Results Of the 63 patients,19 were genotype CC,17 were genotype TT,and 27 were genotype CT.The genotypic frequency of TT was 27.00%,that of CT was 42.85%,and that of CC was 30.15%.The T allele frequency was 48.41% and C allele frequency 51.59%.The MTHFR C676T mutation was related with plasma Hcy level(P

Objective To explore characteristics of the elements of syndrome, the disease position and the relationship between chemical indicators and TCM syndromes of type 2 diabetic encephalopathy. Methods 2 501 cases of type 2 diabetes clinical data were collected from Guang'anmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Dongzhimen Hospital, Dongfang Hospital, etc. in nearly 3 years, among which, 342 cases were type 2 diabetic encephalopathy. The original clinical data were double entried in epidata by two people, establishment forms in excel, factor analysis and Bayesian networks were used as data mining research methods. Results 20 elements which characteristic root more than 1 were derived by factor analysis, 68.4% were covered. Of all 20 elements, five factors belong to Yin, five factors belong to blood stasis; lassitude, shortness of breath, stool frequency were appeared when fasting glucose abnormalities; lassitude, hemiplegia were appeared when 2-hour postprandial blood glucose abnormalities;lassitude, feverish palms and soles, stool frequency, more nocturnal enuresis when glycated hemoglobin abnormalities by Bayesian networks. Conclusion The Elements of the syndrome of type 2 diabetes encephalopathy were deficiency of Yin and blood stasis; and the main positions for diabetic patients were liver, spleen and kidney. Patients with impaired fasting glucose were Qi deficiency; Patients with impaired 2-hour postprandial glucose were Qi deficiency or pathogenic wind attacking collaterals; Patients with abnormal hemoglobin were Qi deficiency and Yin deficiency.

For expression of foreign genes in plant, plant virus vector provides many advantages, such as high expression level, short expression period and wider plant hosts. In the present study, we report the expression of thymosin alpha 1 (Talpha1) in tomato fruits by potato virus X (PVX) vector. Talpha1 gene fragment from plasmid pGEM-T containing Talpha1 gene was cloned into plant virus vector pGR107 and the resulting pGR107-Talpha1 plasmid was confirmed by digestion with Sal I and Cla I. To express the Talpha1 protein, Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 transformed with pGR107-Talpha1 was directly injected into tomato fruits through the fruit stylar apex at different developmental stages. The ELISA results showed that Talpha1 protein was expressed successfully in fruits, and the highest expression level was obtained from 2.5-3 week-old tomato fruits inoculated by bacterium at 1.0 OD600 density.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; genetics ; Fruit ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genetic Vectors ; genetics ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; metabolism ; Potexvirus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Thymosin ; analogs & derivatives ; biosynthesis ; genetics