Objective To establish a method of HPLC assay for determining emodin in Yishi Granules.Methods The effective components in Yishi Granules were determined by HPLC.The chromatographic conditions were as follows:Alltech C18 column(250 mm? 4.60 mm,5 ? m),mobile phase consisting of methanol-0.1 % phosphoric acid(80:20),flow rate at 1 mL? min-1,detecting wavelength being 254 nm,and the column temperature being 30 ℃.Results The separation and the linearity were good in the range of 32.8～ 131.2 ?g,r=0.999 9.The average recovery of emodin was 100.20 %,and RSD=1.52 %(n=6).Conclusion The quantitative method for determining the active components of Yishi Granules is simple,feasible and reproducible,and is beneficial for the quality control of Yishi Granules.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors for knowledge,attitude and practice(KAP)of the Three-manager mode about hierarchical medical system of Chronic diseases of the community residents in Xiamen,and provide references for the implementation of hierarchical medical system.Methods Multi-stage random sampling method was adopted,and 400 residents were randomly sampled from 5 communities of Xiamen for questionnaire survey.The survey features the dependent variable of the community residents′ knowing and joining-in the Three-manager mode,the internal factors(social demographic characteristics),and the external factors(medical expenditure and healthcare insurance).On such basis,four logistic regression models were built for analysis of such influencing factors.Results 41.10% of the surveyed were aware of the Three-manager mode,and 39.71% of the hypertension/diabetes patients among them joined in the hypertension network or diabetes network.Age,education,medical expenditure and referral experiences were significant influencing factors for KAP level of the Three-manager mode,while the residents of older age,higher education and referral experiences were high in their KAP;those of lower per capita monthly income,hypertension or diabetes,with coverage of medical insurance and satisfied with medical consultation in community were high in their awareness of Three-manager mode.Conclusions The KAP level of Three-manager mode of the community residents in Xiamen is acceptable,yet expected of further improvement.Room of further improvement includes enhancement of synergy of the Three-manager mode,enhanced motivation of government financial support and medical insurance,better service functions of community institutions,and especially the construction of hierarchical medical system.

Objective:To summarise the advantages and disadvantages of applying the method of retrograde replantation with an operative position of foot stepping and knee bending for replantation of rotational avulsed and fractured great toes.Methods:From January 2016 to June 2021, 11 rotational avulsed and fractured great toes were replanted with the method of retrograde replantation in an operative position of foot stepping and knee bending. Of the 11 patients, 10 were males and 1 was female, aged 18 to 50 years old with an average of 32 years old. Causes of injury: 5 of driving belt, 4 of machinery crush and 2 of car accident. Injury sites: 4 on left great toes and 7 on right great toes. All of the injuries were with fracture and exposure of proximal tendons of flexor and extensor. Seven patients had the follow-up reviews by outpatient clinic visiting, 2 over mobile phone and 2 via WeChat.Results:After surgery, 9 great toes completely survived and 2 great toes had necrosis. The survival rate of toe replantation was 81.8%(9/11). The operation time was 2 to 3 hours, with an average of 2.5 hours. Postoperative X-ray film showed that 8 to 12 weeks after the operation, the fracture and joint fusion were healed at first stage in the survived toes. All patients were entered in follow-up for 3 to 18 months with 10.5 months in average. The survived great toes were plump and the toenail grown well. At the final follow-up, the static TPD at the toes was 8-12 mm, with an average of 10 mm. There was no effect shown on either walking or running.Conclusion:The retrograde replantation method with an operative position of foot stepping and knee bending for great toe replantation has the characteristics of a good field of view and convenient in operation under microscope, a short operation time, and a high survival rate of replantation.

Objective To survey the basic situation of diagnosis and treatment in clinical nuclear medicine across Guangdong province,evaluate the risks of exposure to the radiation workers and public and explore the countermeasures to control radiation exposre.Methods A survey team was set up to survey,by filling questionnaires,the basic information on nuclear medicine practices for workers,equipment,radionuclide,frequency and dose to workers and radiation protection measures.Results A total of 71 nuclear medicine institutions was involved in the survey with 733 radiation workers in 2016 in Guangdong.The average annual effective dose to nuclear medicine workers was (0.55±0.66) mSv per year.The total pieces of nuclear medical equipment was up to 189 in 2016 including 59 SPECT/CT scanners (5 SPECT),28 PET/CT scanners and 54 thyroid scanners.Total activity of 1.15× 10s MBq in radiopharmaceuticals was used in 325 903 examinations and treatments with the number of frequency of 2.97 examinations per 1 000 population.Concluions There have been a rapid progress in practice of nuclear medicine over the past 20 years in Guangdong province with departments of nuclear medicine set up in 18 of 21 cities.Compared with 1998,the activity in radiopharmaceuticals used has increased by 414％ in 2016 and the number of frequency of examination and treatment has increased by 111％.The rapid expansion of nuclear medicine practice has also caused potential risks of radiation to the public and environment.

Objective: To investigate the distribution of gross α and gross β radioactive levels in drinking raw water from different regions of Guangdong province, and to establish the radioactive level base line value in raw water. Methods: The samples from 191 drinking water sources in use in Guangdong province were collected in rainy season and dry season, respectively, and determined and analyzed under the standard examination method for drinking water-radiological parameters (GB/T 5750.13-2006). The levels of gross α and gross β radioactivity were evaluated under the standard for drinking water quality (GB 5749-2006). Results: A total of 377 raw water samples were taken, including 189 samples in rainy season and 188 samples in dry season, in which 186 samples were matched between rainy season and dry season. In dry season, the gross α levels ranged from 0.008 Bq/L to 0.582 Bq/L, averaged at (0.034±0.060) Bq/L, while the gross β levels ranged from 0.014 Bq/L to 0.637 Bq/L, averaged at (0.108±0.091) Bq/L. In rainy season, the gross α levels ranged from 0.008 Bq/L to 0.402 Bq/L, averaged at (0.045±0.064) Bq/L, while the gross β levels ranged from 0.014 Bq/Lto 0.848 Bq/L, averaged at (0.125±0.128) Bq/L. The gross α and gross β radioactivity levels of other samples were much lower than the guidance values in the national radioactivity standards on drinking water radioactivity, except for a sample from Shanwei area. The gross α and gross β radioactivity levels in the rainy season were higher than in the dry water season, and the gross α radioactivity levels in the rainy season were significantly higher than in the dry water season. There were significant differences in gross α and gross β radioactivity levels in rainy(F_{rainy season}=1.819, 2.709, P<0.05) and dry season (F_{dry season}=1.985, 8.461, P<0.05)in different water systems, and the levels of gross α and gross β radioactivity in the rivers in western Guangdong were the highest. The gross α and gross β radioactivity levels of groundwater in rainy season were higher than in river water and lake water, and the gross α and gross β radioactivity levels in river water were higher than in lake and reservoir water, with the statistically significant differences(F_{total α}=39.323, F_{total β}=25.911, P<0.05), the gross α and gross β radioactivity levels in dry season were higher than in river water and lake water, with the statistically significant difference(F_{total α}=11.520, F_{total β}=28.435, P<0.05). The highest radioactivity levels is in groundwater, followed by river water, and the lowest is in lake and reservoir water. Conclusions The natural radioactivity background levels in drinking raw water in Guangdong province is lower than the limit value on drinking water stipulated by our country. The radioactivity levels in raw water in western Guangdong is significantly higher than in other water systems, and the radioactivity level in river water is also significantly higher than in lake and reservoir water.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a radioactive sewage purification device that can effectively filter the nuclides in low-level nuclide-contaminated wastewater. METHODS: The radioactive sewage purification device was composed of lifting pump, stack filter, multi-medium filter, security filter, tubular ultrafiltration membrane, high-pressure pump and reverse osmotic membrane. The combined process of adsorption-ultrafiltration-reverse osmosis was used to separate radioactive elements from wastewater by reverse osmosis membrane separation system. Through two-stage multi-medium filter circulation system circulation treatment, radioactive sewage was purified. The flow rate of water treatment is 20 L/min. The filtration efficiency and purification efficiency of the device were tested by filtration experiments on elements containing radionuclide and purification experiments on radionuclide.RESULTS: The filtration efficiency on iodine, potassium, strontium and cesium, that are the common elements in radioactive sewage samples were 97.88%, 98.38%, 99.99% and 99.80%, respectively. The single purification efficiency of radionuclide ~(40)K in low-level radioactive sewage was over 90.00%. CONCLUSION: The device has high filtering efficiency for common elements such as iodine, potassium, strontium and cesium in sewage and high removal rate of radioactive activity for sewage containing ~(40)K. It can be further optimized and transformed into a suitable radioactive sewage water purifier.