Objective:To study the effects of 17-? estradiol on capillary ultrastructure of medulla oblongata in ovariectomized rats. Methods: The 30 adult femal rats were randomly divided into ovariectomy group(A group), estradiol group(B group) and sham- ovariectomy group(C group).The rats of A group and B group were bilaterally ovariectomized ,Which were injected with normalsaline 0.1 ml/d), 17-? estradiol(20 ?g/kg?d -1) ,The rats of D group were sham- ovariectomy ,animals were injected with normalsaline(0.1 ml/d), for 6 weeks. Results:(1)The level of serum estradiol of A group was significantly decreased compared with C group(P

Objective To investigate the impact on fertility potential of patients with stage Ⅰ endometriosis treated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) treatment followed by laparoscopy surgery.Methods From Jan.2006 to Jun.2008, medical documents of 102 patients with minimal or mild endometriosis (stage Ⅰ) treated by laparoscopy and hysteroscopy surgery and excluded the other causes of infertility were reviewed retrospectively in Peking University People's Hospital.The pelvic endometriosis teisions were destructed by electric burning.Those patients were divided into GnRH-a treatment group(n = 60) and non-GnRH-a treatment group(n = 42) after surgery.The patients in GnRH-a treatment group were administered by GnRH-a injection once or twice after surgery, in the mean time, no adjuvant therapy were given for the patients in the other group.All the patients were followed-up for 24 months after surgery to evaluate the effect of postoperative GnRH-a treatment on pregnancy outcome and fertility potential(number of pregnancy per 100 women in one month, expressed as percentage).Results The total pregnancy rate of 78% (47/60) in GnRH-a treatment group is significantly higher than 55% (23/42) in non-GnRH-a treatment group(P =0.012).There is no significant difference in spontaneous abortion rate between the GnRH-a treatment group and non GnRH-a treatment group(19% vs.13%, P = 0.465).The fecundity rate of were 6.17% in GnRH-a treatment group and 3.26% in non-GnRH-a treatment group, which the relative risk is 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1-3.0).Conclusion Low-dose GnRH-a treatment after laparuscopy can improve the pregnancy rate and fertility potential of patients with stage Ⅰ endometriosis.

Object:The paper aims to analyze Taiwanese experience in pharmaceutical procurement, pharma-ceutical benefits and reimbursement schedule, and make references for the Mainland China. Methods:Through read-ing and analyzing the Taiwanese government policy and the literature published to find out the pharmaceutical pro-curement measures, different medicines’ pricing strategy and its reimbursement mode compared with the Mainland China. Results: Hospitals can purchase medicines based on their own needs, and the purchase price was formed through negotiating with providers and buyers. It has been found that Taiwan only controls the medicines reimburse-ment prices. The international reference pricing is adopted for new medicines, and the originators, bioequivalence/bioavailability generic medicines and general generics reimbursement prices are very high at international reference prices, and need to be weakened in order to fit the requirements. Moreover, the medicine quality is one of the stand-ards considered in case of making decisions on the reimbursement prices. In addition, the reimbursement price is as-sociated with procurement price. When the spread is larger than 30%, the government will adjust the reimbursement to fill the gap. Conclusions: Through the system design and adjustment, the Taiwanese Government have set up a better procurement and reimbursement co-ordination in the pharmaceutical segment, and formed the reasonable prices for the case. The Taiwanese experience can be taken as a reference for the mainland China to refine its procurement reforms and reimbursement policy.

Objective: To observe MRI features of breast invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), and to analyze the relationship of functional MRI parameters and Ki-67 index. Methods: Data of 184 patients with breast cancer confirmed pathologically were retrospectively analyzed, including 52 cases of ILC (ILC group) and 132 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). All patients received preoperative breast MRI. MRI morphological manifestations and functional parameters were compared between 2 groups, and the relationships of functional MRI parameters and Ki-67 index of ILC were analyzed. Results: Compared with those in IDC group, Ki-67 indexes in ILC group were lower (t=-3.50, P<0.01), while non-mass-like enhancement was more common (χ2=48.74, P<0.01), ADC and time to peak (TTP) value were both higher (t=2.48, 2.98, both P<0.05). Ki-67 index of ILC was negatively correlated with ADC value (r=-0.67, P<0.01) and positively correlated with early enhancement rate (r=0.52, P<0.01). Conclusion: MRI findings of breast ILC had certain characteristics, providing references for preoperative diagnosis of ILC and prognosis assessment.

Objective:To explore the effects of Liuwei Dihuang Wan on the behaviors and Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B(TLR4/NF-κB) signal transduction pathway of amyloid β-precursor protein/presenilin-1(APP/PS1) double transgenic mice.Methods:Forty 3-month-old female APP/PS1 mice were randomly divided into model group, low-dose group(0.59 g/kg), medium-dose group(1.18 g/kg), high-dose group(2.36 g/kg)of Liuwei Dihuang Wan(gavaged according to grouped doses), and ibuprofen group(0.04 g/kg, gavage) using a random number table method, with 8 mice in each group.Eight 3-month-old wild-type female C57BL/6 mice with matched body weight were used as the control group.The mice in control group and model group were given an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride solution by gavage.The gavage administration was twice a day for a continuous period of 3 months.Morris water maze test was used to detect the learning and memory abilities of mice. ELISA was used to detect the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β) and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the levels of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and NF-κB in hippocampal tissue.Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of TLR4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88(MyD88), and phosphorylated NF-κB(p-NF-κB) proteins in hippocampal tissue.The SPSS 20.0 software was used for data analysis. Multiple group comparisons were conducted by repeated measure ANOVA or one-way ANOVA.Results:The results of repeated measure ANOVA showed that as for the escape latency of the 6 groups of mice, the interaction effect between time and group was significant ( Finteraction=117.219, P<0.001). The escape latencies of mice in the 6 groups on the 5th day were all lower than those on the 1st day (all P<0.05). The escape latencies of mice in the ibuprofen group and the medium-dose and high-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan were lower than that in the model group from 1st day to 5th day(all P<0.05). On the 3rd to 5th day, the escape latencies of mice in the medium-dose and high-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan were lower than those in the low-dose group of Liuwei Dihuang Wan (all P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the percentage of residence time in the platform quadrant and the numbers of crossing platform among the 6 groups of mice ( F=5.451, 4.824, both P<0.05). The percentage of residence time in the platform quadrant (50.77±5.49)%, (54.39±5.71)%, (51.98±6.12)%), and the numbers of crossing platform((5.9±1.1) times, (6.0±1.3) times, (5.1±0.8) times) in the high-dose and medium-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan and the ibuprofen group were all higher than those in the model group ((27.32±3.22)%, (2.2±1.0) times )(all P<0.05). The immunohistochemical results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the integrated optical density values of Aβ, GFAP and NF-κB in the hippocampal tissues of 6 groups of mice ( F=57.52, 45.37, 79.10, all P<0.05). The integrated optical density values of Aβ, GFAP and NF-κB in the high-dose and medium-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan and the ibuprofen group were all lower than those in the model group (all P<0.05). And the integrated optical density values of Aβ, GFAP, and NF-κB in the high-dose and medium-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan were all lower than those in the low-dose group of Liuwei Dihuang Wan (all P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β detected by ELISA ( F=3.996, 6.395, both P<0.05) and the proteins levels of TLR4, MyD88, and p-NF-κB in hippocampal tissue detected by Western blot among the 6 groups( F=15.710, 3.522, 4.119, all P<0.05). The serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the high-dose and medium-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan and ibuprofen group were all lower than those in the model group (all P<0.05). The serum TNF-α ((18.90±2.33) ng/L, (21.56±2.49) ng/L) and IL-1β ((5.88±0.80) ng/L, (6.75±0.83) ng/L) levels in the high-dose and medium-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan were lower than those in the low-dose group ((30.77±2.89) ng/L, (9.11±1.27) ng/L) (all P<0.05). The protein expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and p-NF-κB in the hippocampus of the high-dose and medium-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan and ibuprofen group were lower than those of the model group (all P<0.05). The protein expression levels of TLR4 ((0.254±0.091), (0.318±0.122)), MyD88 ((0.229±0.077), (0.386±0.119)), and p-NF-κB ((0.412±0.188), (0.358±0.119)) in the hippocampus of the high-dose and medium-dose groups of Liuwei Dihuang Wan were lower than those of the low-dose group ((0.617±0.172), (0.672±0.166), (0.799±0.227)) (all P<0.05). Conclusion:Liuwei Dihuang Wan can significantly alleviate learning and memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease model mice, possibly by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway, reducing TNF-α and IL-1β expression, thereby alleviate central immune inflammatory response and exert anti Alzheimer's disease effects.

Objective:To explore the feasibility of applying plasma with same blood group as kidney donor to ABO incompatible kidney transplantation(ABOi-KT)preconditioning of blood group O recipients with high-titer anti-A/B preformed antibody(IgM/IgG titer ≥1∶256).Methods:A total of 15 cases of blood group O ABOi-KT recipients with high-titer anti-A/B were recruited and divided into two groups of AB( n=8)and kidney donor's blood(KD, n=7)according to plasma type for plasma exchange during preconditioning phase. Clinical data of preconditioning and post-KT were recorded. Results:They received plasmapheresis(PP)(8.1±2.5)sessions in preconditioning phase, including double plasma filtration(DFPP)(4.0±1.4)sessions and plasma exchange(PE)(4.1±2.0)sessions, PP frequency was(0.8±0.1)sessions per day. No hemolysis reaction occurred during preconditioning phase. Anti-A/B titers declined as expected and fulfilled the ABOi-KT criteria(IgM/IgG titers ≤1∶8). KT was performed successfully without antibody-mediated rejection. All of them survived with normal renal function within 90 days post-KT. Levels of serum creatinine at Day 7/30/90 post-KT were(92.9±30.4), (96.2±25.9)and(103.1±28.4)μmol/L; anti-A/B IgM titers at Day 7/30/90 post-KT 1∶1-1∶32, 1∶1-1∶64 and 1∶1-1∶32; anti-A/B IgG titers at Day 7/30/90 post-KT 1∶1-1∶64, 1∶1-1∶64 and 1∶1-1∶32 respectively. No significant differences existed in count/frequency of PP sessions, levels of serum creatinine or anti-A/B titers at each observation point between AB and KD groups( P>0.05). Conclusions:Plasma with the same blood group as kidney donor is feasible for maximizing the intensity of ABOi-KT preconditioning. Favorable outcomes may be achieved through an intensified desensitization strategy on blood group O recipients with high-titer anti-A/B preformed antibody. The potential risks and long-term outcomes should be further explored.