Radiation could induce DNA damage,cell death,and changes of tumor phenotype and tumor microenvironment leading to the regulation of immune response.Immune checkpoint signaling pathways are involved in the immune tolerance of anti-microorganism responses and thus limit tissue damage.In the anti-tumor immune response,these pathways are associated with anti-functional activation of specific cytotoxic T cells and also enhance the inhibition effect of immune response,which always result in immune escape.Blockade of the immune checkpoint signaling pathways benefits to the anti-tumor inmune responses and could delay tumor progress.As a result,the combination treatment of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint biockade has attracted more attentions in clinical application.This paper reviews the recent research progresses in the radiation effect of immune system,the regulation of immune checkpoints and the combination treatment of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade in tumor therapy,trying to arouse some new clues in cancer therapy.

According to the correlative analyses on Chinese medicine essence, dosage forms and quality control level, it expounds the precise concept of Chinese medicine, and its quality advantages and characteristics in this paper, furthermore discusses how to achieve the ideal drugs and Chinese medicine quality precision in expectation. Base on the Chinese medicine essence, using the concept of nature medicine and its drug system to construct Chinese medicine effective material basis and its drugs, with the correlative analyses of whole view and reductionism, the problems of uncertainty quality of original natural medicinal resources and preparations may well be solved, and further with the macroscopic to microcosmic construction of drug system, the precision in expectations of Chinese medicine quality and higher production lever may well be achieved.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; standards ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Precision Medicine ; Quality Control

Objective:To observe the effects of genistein on proliferation and apoptosis of human non -small cell lung cancer cell line A549/DDP.Methods:①MTT assay was applied to evaluate the resistance index of A 549/DDP cell line to cisplatin and half in-hibitory concentration ( IC50 ) .②Inhibition rate of A549/DDP cell proliferation and IC 50 value were evaluated by MTT assay after treat-ment with 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 μg/ml genistein for 48 hour respectively.③A549/DDP cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry after treatment with 6.25, 12.5, 25 μg/ml genistein for 24 hours respectively.Results:①In expo-sing to cisplatin, the IC50 of A549 and A549/DDP was 33.6 μmol/L and 76.9 μmol/L respectively.The resistance index was 2.3. Cell growth inhibition rate increased following the cisplatin concentration increasing gradually .②A549/DDP growth inhibition rate in-creased at first and later decreased gradually following treatment with the genistein dose increased .The IC50 of A549 and A549/DDP was about 85.1 μg/ml and 80.2μg/ml respectively.③After treatment with 6.25, 12.5, 25μg/ml genistein for 24 hours, there were more A549/DDP cells arresting and showing apoptosis along with the genistein dose increased .Conclusion: Genistein can inhibit A549/DDP proliferation, cause A549/DDP arresting in G2/M phase and induce A549/DDP cell apoptosis with dose dependently .

Objective To investigate the influence of human chorionic gonadotropin on testicular germ cell apoptosis of bilateral cryptorchidism in rats.Methods Immature male rats (22 day-old Sprague Dawley) were subjected to bilateral cryptorchidism and injected with 20 U human chorionic gonadotropin from the 22th day to the 34th day every other day. Sham operation rats were as control group. At age 35 days and 60 days, rats were sacrificed for detection germ cell apoptosis by terminal- deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated d-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). Results There were significant difference of apoptosis index (AI) between bilateral cryptorchidism and sham operation groups(P0.05).Conclusion AI of cryptorchidism increases and HCG addes the number of apoptotic germ cells.

Objective To investigate the role of prokinetic agent itopride in colonic preparation before colonoscopy examination in patients with constipation.Methods A total of 115 outpatients with history of chronic constipation who requested colonoscopy were collected.According to colonic preparation proposal,patients were divided into three groups.Group A (39 cases) took standard dosage of PEG-E solution six hours before colonoscopy examination.Group B (38 cases) took 150 mg itopride 30 minutes before administration of lavage solution.Group C (38 cases) took itopride 150 mg at 7 am,12 am and 8 pm the day before the examination and on the examination day took the same medicine as that of group B.The blood pressure,heart rate and blood electrolytes were monitored before and after taking medicine in the patients of three groups.Quality of colon cleansing of each group was observed and side effects were also observed.One-way analysis of variance (least significant difference,LSD) test was performed for pairwise comparisons among the three groups.Chi-square test was applied for count data.Results Both group A and group B excluded one patient because of malignant carcinoma with colon stricture under colonoscopy,and 113 patients completed the whole colon examination.There was no significant difference in the baseline patients' data of three groups.The colon cleaning score of group C (7.28±1.11) was higher than those of group A and B (6.55±1.18 and 6.51±1.16,LSD test,both P＜0.05).The frequency of bowel movements defecation of group C (8.31± 1.32) was more than those of group A and group B (7.11± 1.41 and 6.94± 1.51,LSD,test,both P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in terms of intestinal bubble scores,blood pressure,heart rate,blood electrolytes the uncomfortable degree of colonic preparation and rate of side effects of the three groups.Conclusion The colonic preparation can be safely and effectively improved by taking high dose of itopride one day before and on the day of colonoscopy examination.

Objective To investigate the cause of gynecological misdiagnosis in small intestinal stromal tumor and operation principle,treatment protocol.Methods Gynecological misdiagnosis in 4 female patients with small intestinal stromal tumor admitted were retrospectively analyzed.Results Four patients had abdominal ultrasound examination,1 patient was misdiagnosed as hysteromyoma,3 patients were misdiagnosed as ovarian tumor.All patients without further abdominal CT or MRI examination,operated by gynecology first and then treated by general surgery.All of 4 patients were confirmed with small intestinal stromal tumor by pathology.Conclusions For patients who are considered with hysteromyoma or ovarian tumor have melena must be identified with small intestinal stromal tumor.Further CT examination is valuable and can reduce misdiagnosis.Operation principle and oral imatinib mesylate after operation must be insisted.

Phospholipase D(PLD) is ubiquitous in bacteria,fungi,and mammal.In pathogenic microorganisms,PLD can be pathogenic determinant and play a role in spore generation.In mammalian cells,PLD functions in several signal transduction pathways,such as membrane transportation,mitosis regulation,and actin cytoskeleton regulation.In the process of pathogens invasion host cells,both of the pathogen and host cells’ PLD will be activated and a series of cascade reaction will be generated.During this process,pathogen’s PLD can regulate the polymerization and reorganization of its own actin filaments and induce the polymerization or reorganization of the host cell actin filaments near the foci,thus to promote the phagocytosis of the pathogen by host cell.Investigating the role of PLD activation in the infection will be significance for further understanding the molecular mechanism of pathogen-host cell interaction.

Objective: To evaluate the effect and safety of molecular targeted therapy of apatinib mesylate combined with multiple antigen stimulatiing cellular therapy in treatment of osteosarcoma and soft tissue sarcoma. Methods:Six patients with sarcoma were collected by the failure of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy treatment or refusal surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, and at least one month from the last treatment of surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. All of the patients at least received three cycle MASCTTM . From Day 1,everyone were given Apatinib 500 mg,po,qd ,until the disease progression. To measure the patient’s quality of life depending on EORTC QLQ-C30,meanwhile,detecting the cellular immunity function and circulating tumor cells(CTCs) of patients before treatment and one month after 3 cycle MASCTTM . At last, monitoring the cellular immune responses by the Enzyme-linked immuno spot ( ELISPOT) assay. Results: All of the four patients completed the treatment of 3 cycle MASCTTM . Only one patient reduced apatinib from 500 mg to 250 mg because of palmar-plantar erythrodyses-thesia. The response rates of the four patients received MASCTTM and apatinib mesylate after treatment were 1 for complete response (CR),3 for partial response (PR). The life quality and cellular immunity function were improved in all of the patients. ELISPOT assay suggested that the majority of antigen peptides could induce specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes( CTLs) response. The Progression-Free-Survival ( PFS) of four patients received MASCTTM and apatinib mesylate was 7,6,9 and 4 months ,while the response rates of the two patients received apatinib mesylate were 1 for ( Stable disease) SD,one for ( Progression disease) PD. And PFS of the two patients were one month and two months. Conclusion:Combination of MASCTTM and apatinib mesylate is safe,effective and were good prospects for application.

Objective To explore the influence of human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG)on testicular germ cell apoptosis of experimental unilateral cryptorchidism in rats.Methods Forty immature male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into unilateral cryptorchi-dism group(n=20) and sham operation group(n=20).The 2 groups were divided into group treated with HCG and group without HCG.At age 21 days,unilateral cryptorchidism was produced.Half of the rats were injected with 20 U HCG from day 22 to 34 every other day.At age of 35 d and 60 d,rats were sacrificed for detection germ cell apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL).Results Apoptosis index(AI) of cryptorchidism testis were higher compared with the scrotal testis in sham operation group(P0.05).AI of the scrotal testis of sham operation group and unilateral cryptorchidism group with HCG was higher compared with the correspond groups without HCG,and there were significant difference of AI between sham operation group and the correspond group without HCG at age 35 days(P0.05).Conclusions AI of testicular is increased both in cryptorchidism testis and scrotal testis in experimental unilateral cryptorchidism;HCG adds the number of apoptotic germ cells,and histology damage of testis is not completely recovery after stop using HCG.So clinical application of HCG must be cautious and operation ought to be done as early as possible in cryptorchidism.