Background Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) is a congenital eye disease of children,because its clinical manifestations are nonspecific,it is easy to be misdiagnosed as congenital cataract and the prognosis is poor.There has been more researches on PHPV clinical characteristics than its histopathological feature and immunochemistry.Objective This study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of PHPV and the pathological characteristics of retrolental membranes secondary to PHPV.Methods The clinical data of 6 PHPV eyes from 6 patients during May 2005 to December 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.All the PHPV eyes received a combinating procedure of cataract extraction and anterior vitrectomy.The retrolental membranes were collected during surgery for the histopathological examination by hematoxylin & eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)staining.Immunochemistry was used to detect the expression of Vimentin,smooth muscle actin (SMA),S-100,glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),neuron specific enolase (NSE),epithelial membrane antigen (EMA),CD34 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the retrolental membranes.Results Monocular PHPV was found in 6 cases since born,with the main clinical manifestation of similar to congenital cataract.The ocular axial was shorter in 5 PHPV eyes than that of the contralateral eye by A-sonography,and 1 eye accompanied by eye nystagmus,strabismus and small cornea.The retrolental membranes were seen during the surgery in all cases,and the white band through the vitreous in 2 eyes.Pathological examination showed that the retrolental membrane was mainly composed of loose or myxoid connective tissue fibers,the capillaries and small veins.PAS positive tissue,residual transparent artery and differentiated adipocytes were exhibited in some specimens.Immunohistochemistry indicated that spindle-shape cells in the retrolental membranes presented the characteristics of mesenchymal cells,and some cells appeared the myofibroblast characteristics with the low proliferation activity.The development of the lens and the ciliary body was abnormal because of the stretching of retrolental membranes into the lens capsule in 1 PHPV eye.The follow-up was performed for 6-9 years in 4 eyes,with the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for 0.06,light perception,0.05 and 0.07 respectively.The intraocular pressure was normal in all the eyes.Conclusions PHPV is usually misdiagnosed as congenital cataract and shows a poor postoperative BCVA.PHPV occurs mainly due to an incomplete regression of the embryonic vitreous and hyaloid vasculature and eventual abnormality of lens.

Background Primary iris stromal cysts is a rare clinical disease.In recent years,the pathological findings of primary iris stromal cysts are different from previous literature reports.It is very important to understand the pathological characteristics of primary iris stromal cysts for illuminating its pathogenesis and accurate treatment.Objective This study was to analyze the pathological types and clinical manifestations of primary iris stromal cysts.Methods Histopathological sections of 14 patients with primary iris stromal cysts from January 1979 to December 2012 in Tianjin Eye Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.The primary iris stromal cysts were typed based on the hematoxylin-eosin staining,periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and immunochemistry, and the clinical chacteristics upon different types were evaluated.Results In 14 specimens of primary iris stromal cysts,squamous epithelial type was found in 9 specimens,lens epithelial type in 3 specimens and ciliary body epithelial type in 2 specimens.The primary iris stromal cysts of squamous epithelial type were constituted of non-cuticular stratified squamous epithelium cells,and sporadic goblet cells were found in some specimens.The primary iris stromal cysts of lens epithelial type were consisted of lens epithelium cells and lens capsular analogic tissue and the cysts were tightly adherent to the lens.Crystalline lens dysplasia were seen in 2 specimens.The primary iris stromal cysts of ciliary body epithelial type showed single or stratified ciliary body like epithelium cells.Iris-ciliary dysplasia or anterior chamber angle abnormality was displayed in 1 specimen in this type of cysts.Under the slit lamp microscope,superior-temporal clear cysts were often seen in the primary iris stromal cysts of squamous epithelial type, and translucent cysts or diffuse swelling cysts were exhibited in the lens epithelial type and might be accompanied with lens dysplasia and cataract.Diffuse swelling was found in the cysts of ciliary body epithelial type which were often associated with chamber dysplasia and infantile glaucoma.Conclusions Primary iris stromal cysts are pathologically classified into squamous epithelial type, lens epithelial type and ciliary body epithelial type and present with different clinical appearances.

Objective To investigate the impact factors for temperature of cornea(TOC) and analyse the relationship between TOC and evaporative dry eye. Methods Two hundred and fifty-seven patients(405 eyes) with normal lacrimal secretion received dry eye tests.Patients were divided into positive group and negative group according to the results,and were randomly subdivided into 4 groups with different environment temperature(T) and relative humidity(RH).For all eyes,TOC,body surface temperature(TBS) of forehead and center corneal thickness(CCT) were measured right after blinking.The impact factors for TOC and the differences in TOC between positive group and negative group were analysed.Results TOC was positively correlated with TBS(r=0.89),T(r=0.75) and RH(r=0.60)(P

AIM To study mechanism of endothelin (ET) on canine pulmonary veins. METHODS The isometric tension of pulmonary venous strips was recorded. RESULTS ET 3 and IRL1640 produced contraction in pulmonary venous strips. ET 3 induced contraction was markedly suppressed by BQ123 (P

SUMMARY Diffusion spectrum imaging ( DSI) , a newly developed MRI technique, affords the capacity to map complex fiber architectures in tissues with sufficient angular resolution by imaging the spectra of tissue water diffusion. By contrast, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) , the currently widely used technique based on the 2nd order tensor model, obtains an approximation of the complex diffusion, and provides only one global maximal direction corresponding to the primary eigenvector for each voxel. As a generalized model-free diffusion imaging technique, firstly, DSI employs the probability density function to describe the diffusion process in each voxel; secondly, a sufficient dense signal sample derived from repeated applications of diffusion-weighed gradients ensures its capability to resolve the diffusion probability density function; thirdly, specific computer visualization techniques are used to extract the diffusion information and reconstruct the geometrical properties of tissue microstructure. The capacity to unravel complex tissue architecture, recent improvements in hardware and ongoing optimization of sequence design and algorithm enable a rapid growth of DSI for research use and future incorporation into clinical protocols. This paper introduces the basic principles of DSI and then compares the characteristics of DSI and DTI schemes. Finally, the typical applications of DSI to date are reviewed.

Objective 　To evaluate the clinical measurement of cerebral perfusion by dynamic CT. Methods　 Thirteen normal adults were examined by dynamic CT for the measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF). Another dynamic CT scans with the measurement of CBF were performed separately to rule out cerebral ischemia in 5 cases and secondary Parkinson disease in 2. Results　 Normal cerebral cortical perfusion was measured at 59.3～96.8 ml*min-1*100g-1 with the　mean value 76.2 ml*min-1*100g-1. Normal white matter perfusion was measured at 27.1～43.1 ml*min-1*100g-1 with the mean value 33.9 ml*min-1*100g-1. In 5 cases of suspending cerebral ischemia, one showed increase of CBF and 4 presented decrease of CBF. In 2 cases of suspending secondary Parkinson disease, one appeared decrease of CBF and other one was normal. Conclusion　 Dynamic CT scan with the measurement of CBF can demonstrate the hemodynamic status of normal brain and pathological lesion. Combined with routine CT scan, measurement of cerebral perfusion by dynamic CT is an ideal method to show the morphological and functional changes of brain tissue simultaneously.

The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal disorder characterized by inefficient haematopoiesis,dysplasia of hematopoietic cells in bone marrow and unable production of mature cells with normal differentiation resulting in peripheral cytopenias.The incidence of MDS is increased with the increasing age,suggesting that the accumulation of genetic or epigenetic changes lead to DNA mutations in hematopoietic stem cell,activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes,increasing limitless self-proliferation,and eventually resulting in aberrant clonal hematopoiesis and the occurrence of MDS.About thirty percentage of patients with MDS will transform into acute myeloid leukemia (AML) at last.MDS is always not sensitive to cytotoxic drugs,but targeted drugs maybe help to improve the prognosis.

Objective To observe the change of the sera lipid profiles in patients with chronic hepatitis B Virus (HBV)infec-tion.Methods Sera from 254 patients suffered from liver disease were collected and divided into four groups according to the severity of the disease (71 of Cirrhosis;80,46,51 of Light,Moderate and Highly severity of the chronic HBV infection, respectively).Sera of 59 healthy patients were collected as control.The concentrations of their sera lipids (CHOL and TG), lipoprotein (HDL and LDL)and apolipoproteins (ApoA-I and ApoB)were determined and compared.Results Compared to the control group,the levels of the CHOL,TG,HDL,LDL,ApoA-I and ApoB were varied in degree in the chronic HBV in-fection group and the cirrhosis group.For the highly severity group and the cirrhosis group,statistics analysis showed de-creased and significantly different lipid and apolipoprotein results when compared to the control group.For the light and moderate severity group,when compared to the control group,levels of TG,HDL and ApoA-I were decreased with remarka-ble difference.The ApoB/ApoA-I ratio of the chronic HBV infection (Highly severity group)was 2.10±1.44,which was significantly higher than that of any other group (P<0.05).Conclusion The ApoB/ApoA-I ratio can be a potential marker for the evaluation of the severity of the chronic HBV infection.

Objective To investigate the experience of combined laparoscopic-endoscopic procedure for colon tumor . Methods Clinical data of 32 cases of colon tumor receiving combined laparoscopic-endoscopic procedure from January 2011 to June 2014 were analyzed retrospectively , including 25 cases of endoscopic assisted laparoscopic operation ( laparoscopic resection of colon segment or laparoscopic radical resection of colon cancer with positioning of colonic lesions by endoscopy ) and 7 cases of laparoscopic assisted endoscopic operation ( intraoperative endoscopic resection under the monitor of laparoscopy ) . Results Twenty-five cases were performed endoscopic-assisted laparoscopic surgery , including endoscopic-assisted laparoscopic radical resection for colon cancer in 20 cases and endoscopic-assisted laparoscopic segmental resection of colon in 5 cases.The combined procedure contained endoscopic-assisted positioning lesions , laparoscopic bowel resection and reconstruction , and lymph node dissection .The success rate of endoscopic-assisted positioning was 100%(25/25).No conversion to laparotomy was required .No surgical complications occurred . Follow-up for 6 -48 months ( median, 30 months ) in 25 cases found no signs of recurrence and metastasis .One patient died of myocardial infarction and the remaining 24 patients survived .Seven cases were performed laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic surgery , including laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic submucosal dissection colon ( ESD) in 3 cases, laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection ( EMR) in 2 cases, and laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic polypectomy in 2 cases.Intestinal perforation occurred during the operation in 1 case of ESD, which was given a laparoscopic colon perforation repair .Follow-up for 9 -36 months ( median, 24 months) in 7 cases showed no deaths or signs of recurrence and metastasis . Conclusion Combined laparoscopic-endoscopic procedure has advantages of both laparoscopy and endoscopy to improve surgical safety , on the basis of good cooperation of laparoscopic and endoscopic teams .

JAK2 V617F gene mutation positive myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) consists of polycythemia vera (PV),essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF).This article focuses on their risk scoring systems and treatment including first-and second-line therapies,JAK2 inhibitors,cytoreduction,antifibrosis and other single-agent or combination therapy.