The chemical constituents of the petroleum ether extract derived from the 90% ethanol extract of Elephantopus scaber were investigated. By silica gel column chromatography, C_(18), MCI column chromatography and semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography, ten compounds were isolated. Their structures were identified as 3β-hydroxy-6β,7β-epoxytaraxeran-14-ene(1), 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid(2), D-friedoolean-14-ene-3β,7α-diol(3), 3β-hydroxy-11α-methoxyolean-12-ene(4), 3β-hydroxyolean-11,13(18)-diene(5), 11α-hydroxy-β-amyrin(6), betulinic acid(7), 3β-hydroxy-30-norlupan-20-one(8), 6-acetonylchelerythrine(9), and 4',5'-dehydrodiodictyonema A(10) by analysis of the 1D NMR, 2D NMR, MS, and IR spectral data. Among them, compound 1 was a new triterpene and other compounds except compounds 2 and 7 were isolated from this plant for the first time.
Triterpenes/isolation & purification* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification* ; Molecular Structure ; Asteraceae/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Chaihu and Longgu Muli Decoction has demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of tachyarrhythmia accompanied by anxiety and depression. However, there is a lack of standardized guidelines for its clinical application. In this study, the Chaihu and Longgu Muli Decoction was investigated through extensive research on ancient and modern literature, as well as a collection of clinical medical records. The basic information, medication details, and diagnostic information from medical records, personal experience literature, and clinical cases in the treatment of tachyarrhythmia accompanied by anxiety were extracted and analyzed to preliminarily identify the prescription characteristics and syndrome patterns. Subsequently, the Delphi method was employed to construct an item pool based on the data obtained in the first step. An expert questionnaire was prepared to collect scores and revision opinions from experts regarding these items. After statistical analysis and group discussions, a second round of questionnaires was formed by screening out certain items. This process was repeated until a final item set for the treatment of tachyarrhythmia accompanied by anxiety with Chaihu and Longgu Muli Decoction was determined. These findings provided guidance for clinical prescription practices. By extracting 71 syndromes and signs, as well as 33 tongue and pulse characteristics, the main syndrome features included palpitations, chest tightness, irritability, etc., which were basically consistent with the ancient syndromes. Through frequency analysis and group discussions, 71 items were screened out. After screening, modification, and primary and secondary division, 11 main diagnostic items and 10 secondary diagnostic items were determined. On this basis, the research team believes that Chaihu and Longgu Muli Decoction is mainly indicated for the following syndromes in the treatment of tachyarrhythmia accompanied by anxiety(palpitations, poor sleep, bitter taste, dry mouth, irritability/easily angered/anxiety/fearfulness/easily startled, red tongue with greasy yellow coating, rapid pulse, high work/life pressure, tachyarrhythmia on electrocardiogram/Holter monitor, and positive results on anxiety scale). Secondary syndromes include chest tightness, shortness of breath, feeling heavy and weak in the body, sweating, poor appetite, constipation, greasy white tongue coating, wiry pulse, slippery pulse, or knotted and intermittent pulse.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Humans ; Delphi Technique ; Anxiety/complications* ; Tachycardia/psychology* ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Aged

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical efficacy of manual reduction combined with 3D printing small splint external fixation and synchronous manual reduction combined with traditional small splint external fixation in the treatment of humeral shaft. METHODS: Between January 2021 and December 2022, 40 patients with humeral shaft fractures were treated with 3D printing small splints and traditional small splints. They were divided into 3D group and traditional group according to different fixation methods. Among them, there were 15 males and 5 females in the 3D group, aged from 20 to 52 years old with an average of (36.3±15.6) years old. In the traditional group there were 17 males and 3 females, aged from16 to 51 years old with an average of (32.9±17.2) years old. The occurrence of complications, duration of fracture healing, rate of fracture healing, subjective evaluation scores for brace comfort at 1 week and 4 weeks, as well as the Constant-Murley shoulder function score and Mayo elbow function score at 8 weeks and 16 weeks were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: All patients were followed up for 16 weeks. The 3D group did not experience any complications, while there were two cases of complications in the traditional group. However, this difference was not found to be statistically significant (χ²=2.105, P=0.146). The fracture healing time of the 3D group (90.1±4.5) days was significantly shorter compared to that of the traditional group (93.3±3.8) days (P<0.05). The subjective evaluation scores for brace comfort in the 3D group (53.7±2.3) points and (62.8±1.1) points were significantly higher than those in the traditional group (45.6±2.4) points and (52.3±1.4) points at 1 and 4 weeks after reduction (P<0.05). After 8 weeks of reduction, the Constant-Murley shoulder function score in the 3D group was(68.1±5.3) points, which demonstrated a statistically significant improvement compared to the traditional group(54.3±4.9) points (P<0.05). However, at 16 weeks post-reduction, there were no significant differences observed between the two groups (P>0.05). The Mayo elbow function score of the 3D group (84.1±7.5) points was significantly superior to that of the traditional group (79.5±6.8) points at 8 weeks post-reduction (P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups at 16 weeks post-reduction (P>0.05). CONCLUSION For humeral shaft fractures with conservative treatment indications, manual reduction combined with 3D printed small splints is a good choice for treatment. The patient's comfort level is higher, which can not only reduce the occurrence of complications, but also improve the fracture healing rate and joint function to a certain extent, and improve the patient's quality of life.
Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Humeral Fractures/physiopathology* ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Splints ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Fracture Healing

Codonopsis Radix is a traditional tonic medicine commonly used in China, which has the effects of strengthening the spleen and tonifying the lung, as well as nourishing blood and engendering liquid. The chemical constituents of Codonopsis species are mainly polyacetylenes, alkaloids, phenylpropanoids, lignans, terpenoids and saponins, flavonoids, steroids, organic acids, saccharides, and so on. Modern pharmacological studies showed that Codonopsis Radix also has a variety of pharmacological effects such as enhancing body immunity, protecting gastrointestinal mucosa and resisting ulcers, promoting hematopoietic function, regulating blood sugar, and delaying aging. In this paper, the chemical constituents of Codonopsis species and the pharmacological effects of Codonopsis Radix were summarized, and on this basis, the quality markers of Codonopsis Radix were analyzed. It was predicted that lobetyolin, tangshenoside I, codonopyrrolidium A, and the oligosaccharides were the possible Q-markers of Codonopsis Radix. This paper will provide scientific references for the quality evaluation and profound research and the development of Codonopsis Radix.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Codonopsis ; Alkaloids ; Medicine, Traditional ; Plant Roots

Humans ; Nutrition Surveys ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/chemically induced* ; Environmental Exposure/analysis* ; Environmental Monitoring ; Phthalic Acids/toxicity* ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity*

Objective To investigate the titer stability of the harvest solution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2(SARS-CoV-2)at 2 ～ 8 ℃ and the inactivation effect of β-propiolactone inactivator on the virus.Methods Three batches of SARS-CoV-2 harvest solution(batch numbers:202111001,202111002 and 202111003)were stored at 2 ～ 8 ℃ for 12 d and sampled every 3 d(0,3,6,9 and 12 d)for detection of the titers by Karber method;Three batches of virus harvest solution equilibrated overnight at 2 ～ 8 ℃ were inactivated by adding β-propiolactone at a volume fraction of 1∶4 000 and detected for the titers at different inactivation time points(0,0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,8,16 and 24 h),of which samples inactivated for 8,16 and 24 h were taken for inactivation verification,and samples inactivated for 24 h were observed by transmission electron microscope.Results The titers of SARS-CoV-2 decreased with the prolongation of storage time at 2 ～8 ℃,which showed no obvious decrease during 0 ～ 3 d,while decreased from the initial 7.75,6 and 7.5 lgCCID_(50)/mL to5.75,4.625 and 6.25 lgCCID_(50)/mL on day 12,indicating that the virus activity showed a gradual decrease trend at 2 ～8 ℃；With the inactivation time,the virus titer decreased continuously and could not be detected after inactivation for 3 h.Transmission electron microscope observation showed that the inactivated virus particles were intact and the spike protein was evenly distributed.Conclusion The virulence of SARS-CoV-2 stored at 2 ～ 8 ℃ was unstable,so the subsequent inactivation and purification process should be carried out as soon as possible;The titer of virus could not be detected after3 h of inactivation,which provided a reference for the determination of the inactivation process.

Objective: To analyze the dynamic changes and influencing factors of HIV-1 DNA load in HIV-1 infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture, Yunnan province, and provide information support for the clinical use of HIV-1 DNA quantitative detection. Methods: The HIV infection cases in recent infection cohort from Dehong Center for Disease Control and Prevention during 2009-2018 were selected as study subjects. The dynamic curve of HIV-1 DNA load varrying with time was generated and logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the risk factors for HIV-1 load in the recent follow up after ART and statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS 17.0. Results: Among the 113 HIV infection cases detected from the recent infection cohort, the recent HIV infection rate were 49.6%(56/113) males, sexual transmission cases and drug injection transmission cases accounted for 53.1% (60/113), 80.5% (91/113) and 19.5% (22/113), respectively. The dynamic changes curve showed that HIV-1 DNA load was relatively high (>800 copies /10⁶ PBMCs) before ART, and droped rapidly (<400 copies /10⁶ PBMCs) after ART for 1 year. However, HIV-1 DNA load decreased insignificantly from the second year of ART, and remained to be 269 copies/10⁶ PBMCs after ART for 6 years. Univariable logistic regression analysis indicated that OR (95%CI) of CD8, CD4/CD8 and HIV-1 DNA load were 1.00 (1.00-1.00), 0.30 (0.09-1.05) and 1.01 (1.00-1.01), respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that OR value of HIV-1 DNA load base was 1.00 (1.00-1.01). Conclusions: HIV-1 DNA load decreased significantly in the first year of ART, then remained stable for years. HIV-1 DNA load base was the key factor associated with the decrease of HIV-1 DNA load, the lower the HIV-1 DNA load base, the lower HIV-1 DNA load. Therefore, earlier ART can contribute to the decrease of HIV-1 DNA load.
China/epidemiology* ; DNA/therapeutic use* ; HIV Infections/drug therapy* ; HIV Seropositivity ; HIV-1/genetics* ; Humans ; Male ; Viral Load

Objective To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 (PfMDR1), chloroquine resistance transporter (PfCRT) and Kelch 13 (PfK13) genes in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, so as to provide insights into the development of the malaria control strategy in local areas. Methods A total of 85 peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with Plasmodium falciparum infections in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea in 2018 and 2019, and genomic DNA was extracted. The PfMDR1, PfCRT and PfK13 genes were amplified using a nested PCR assay. The amplification products were sequenced, and the gene sequences were aligned. Results There were no mutations associated with artemisinin resistance in PfK13 gene in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, while drug-resistant mutations were detected in PfMDR1 and PfCRT genes, and the proportions of PfMDR1_N86Y, PfMDR1_Y184F and PfCRT_K76T mutations were 35.29% (30/85), 72.94% (62/85) and 24.71% (21/85), respectively. Conclusion There are mutations in PfMDR1, PfCRT and PfK13 genes in P. falciparum isolates from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.

Objective:To study the effect of Bushen Huatan prescription on helper T cell 17 （Th17）/T regulatory cells （Treg） balance of immune T cell subsets in the prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Method:Sixty 6-month-old female SD rats were randomly divided into sham operation group， model group， estradiol valerate group （0.184 mg·kg^-1） and Bushen Huatan prescription low， medium and high groups （4.7， 9.4， 18.8 g·kg^-1） according to the random number table. All the groups except the sham operation group received ovariectomy to make postmenopausal osteoporosis model. Intragastric administration was started 1 week after operation， and the rats in model group and sham operation group received equal volume of normal saline， once a day for 12 weeks. Microcomputed tomography （Micro CT） was then used to detect bone mass and microstructure of rats， the contents of Forkhead box protein （Foxp3） and retinoic acid related nuclear orphan receptor （RORγt） in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， the mRNA expression levels of Foxp3 and RORγt in bone tissues were detected by Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） and Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of Foxp3 and RORγt in bone tissues， the number of Th17 and Treg cells in each group was analyzed and compared by flow cytometry. Result:Compared with the sham operation group， the bone mass and trabeculae of the model group decreased （P<0.01）， the bone microstructure was destroyed， the concentration of Foxp3 in serum decreased， the concentration of RORγt increased （P<0.01）， the mRNA and protein expression levels of Foxp3 in bone tissues decreased， RORγt increased， the number of Treg cells in bone tissues decreased， number of Th17 cells increased （P<0.01）， and Th17/Treg ratio increased （P<0.01） in model group. Compared with the model group， the bone mass in each treatment group increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， Foxp3 concentration in serum increased， RORγt concentration decreased （P<0.01）， the mRNA and protein expression levels of Foxp3 in bone tissues increased significantly （P<0.05， P<0.01）， but no statistical difference was shown in mRNA expression between low dose group and the model group. In addition， the mRNA and protein expression of RORγt decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， number of Treg cells increased， number of Th17 cells decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and Th17/Treg ratio decreased in treatment groups （P<0.01）. Conclusion:Bushen Huatan prescription can increase bone mass， improve bone microstructure， increase the number of Treg cells and decrease the number of Th17 cells in ovariectomized rats. It is concluded that Bushen Huatan prescription may play a role in preventing and treating postmenopausal osteoporosis by regulating Th17/Treg balance.

Objective:To explore the effect of Bushen Huatan prescription on serum lipopolysaccharide （LPS） and Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）/ myeloid cell differentiation protein 88 （MyD88）/nuclear transcription factor-κB （NF-κB） signaling pathway in rats with ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis. Method:Sixty SPF 6-month-old female rats were randomly divided into sham operation group， model group， estradiol valerate group and Bushen Huatan prescription low， medium and high dose groups.One week after modeling by bilateral ovariectomy， 8 rats in each group were selected to receive intragastric administration.The estradiol valerate group was given 0.184 mg·kg^-1 by gavage， and Bushen Huatan prescription low， middle and high dose groups were given 4.7， 9.4 and 18.8 g·kg^-1 by gavage， sham operation group and model group were given 0.9% saline 4 mL by gavage respectively.After 12 weeks of intervention， the rats were sacrificed for detection.Serum LPS was detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）， while protein expressions of TLR4， MyD88 and phosphorylated （p）-NF-κB p65 in bone tissue were detected by Western blot， and the mRNA expressions of TLR4， MyD88， NF-κB p65， IL-1β， and IL-6 in bone tissue were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction（PCR）. Result:Compared with sham operation group， the serum LPS level as well as protein expression of TLR4， MyD88， p-NF-κB p65 and mRNA expression of TLR4， MyD88， NF-κB p65， IL-1β， and IL-6 significantly increased in model group（P<0.05）.Compared with the model group， serum LPS level， protein expression of TLR4， MyD88， and p-NF-κB p65， mRNA levels of TLR4， MyD88， and NF-κB p65 in bone tissues as well as downstream inflammatory factors IL-1β， IL-6 mRNA expression decreased to different degrees in estradiol valerate group and Bushen Huatan prescription high dose group（P<0.05）. Conclusion:Bushen Huatan prescription can reduce serum LPS content， regulate mRNA and protein expression of TLR4， MyD88， NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65 in TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway， and down-regulate mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in bone tissues to improve bone microstructure and inhibit the development of postmenopausal osteoporosis （PMOP）.