The incidence of nosocomial infections in the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) is high. Nosocomial infections is one of the most common causes of neonatal death in critically ill neonates. Strategies for the prevention nosocomial infections include hand hygiene practices,prevention of central venous catheter-related infection and ventilator-associated pneumonias, antifungal prophylaxis, skin care, early enteral feeding and probioties. Effective prevention and control nosocomial infections in NICU may decrease neonatal mortality,hospitaliztion stay and hospital costs.This review focuses on the latest preventive strategies for nosocomial infections in NICU.

Objective: To study the different inhibitory effects of capsule-depleted and wild type Cryptococcus neoformans (C. neoformans) on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC), so as to clarify the role of C. neoformans capsule. Methods: The infection process of HUVEC by C. neoformans and the cellular morphologic changes of HUVEC were observed by transmission eletron microscope (TEM). The cell inhibition rates were detected with CCK-8 kit at different phases. Results: TEM observation revealed different degrees of cell damages after co-cultured with the above 2 strains of C. neoformans, with the loose endoplasmic reticulum, swollen mitochondria, nuclei damage, and disarranged cell structure. The result of CCK-8 showed that there was no significant difference in the inhibition rates of HUVEC between the 2 groups 30 min after co-culture (P>O. 05). 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h after co-culture, the inhibition rate in capsule-depleted group was higher than that of the wild strain group(PO. 05). Conclusion: Capsule-depleted C. neoformans causes more significant endothelial cell injury than wild strain C. neoformans does, indicating that the capsule play an important role in C. neoformans-induced damage of endothelial cells.

Objective To observe the intervene effects of montmorillonite powder and mannitol on rat with acute paraquat poi-soning by intragastric administration .Methods 40 male SD rats were divided into four groups randomly ,control group(C) ,pa-raquat group(P) ,PT1 groups were treated with montmorillonite powder and mannitol gavage after paraquat exposure one hour ,PT2 group was treated after paraquat exposure four hours .P ,PT1 ,and PT2 groups were exposed to paraquat 50 mg/kg .one and four hour later ,PT1 and PT2 group rats were given 7 g/kg montmorillonite-mannitol solution respectively ,C group and P group with sa-line instead .then to observe general state in rats .Give rats run training before and after intragastric administration ,comparison the fall times from the treadmill among groups before and 5 ,10 ,15 days after administration ,rats were killed in 15 th days exposed pa-raquat ,collect their lung tissue ,hydroxyproline content were measured in lung tissue of rat by alkaline hydrolysis ,observe the path-ological changes by HE staining in rat lungs .Results the general condition were poor in P ,PT1 and PT2 group rats .And those mean food intakes were significantly lower than the control group (P<0 .01) .there are no significant of the weight gain and the fall times from the treadmill before and 5 th ,10 th after administration among four groups(P>0 .05) ,but P group′s fall times increased significantly than the others group′s at 15 th day after exposed(P< 0 .05) .the all group rat lung tissue hydroxyproline overall difference significant(P<0 .01) ,from the two-two compared results ,three paraquat exposed groups higher than control group ,and P group also higher than PT1 and PT2 group(P<0 .05) .From the lung tissue slices ,P ,PT1 and PT2 group showed significant pul-monary fibrosis than C group ,and the P group′s was the most severe .Conclusion Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis may be alleviated by early use of montmorillonite powder and mannitol on paraquat poisoning rats .

Objective To investigate the correlation between drug resistance and β-actamase genes of multi-drug resistance Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) in neonatal intensive care unit to provide evidence for rational antibiotics administration and nosocomial infection control.Methods Twenty-six MDR-AB strains were separated and collected from clinical specimens.The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 13 antimicrobial agents were determined by agar dilution method.Genotypes of β-lactamase were detected by polymerase chain reaction.Results The resistant rates of the 26 strains to Ceftazidime,Cefoxitin,Piperacillin-tazobactam and Ciprofloxacin were 100.0%.About 80.8% to 96.2% of these strains were resistant to the other antimicrobial drugs.Among the 26 MDR-AB strains,100% (26/26) strains possessed oxa-51,77% (20/26) possessed oxa-23 gene,54% (14/26) carried arnpC gene,both oxa-23 and ampC were identified in 42% (11/26) strains,while oxa-24,oxa-58,imp-1,imp-4 and vim-2 gene were not identified.Conclusions The drug resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii is serious,oxa-23 and ampC are the major plactamase genes carried by MDR-AB in neonatal intensive care unit.

Adult ; Aged ; Antipsychotic Agents ; adverse effects ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced ; drug therapy ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Prevalence

Objective To explore the changes of S - 100? protein in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of children with viral encephalitis and its clinical significance. Methods The levels of S - 100? protein of cerebrospinal fluid and serum of 36 children with viral encephalitis and 20 lumbar anesthesia children without central nervous system diseases were measured by enzyme - linked immunosor bent assay. Differences in the levels of cerebrospinal fluid and serum S-100? protein between children with and without coma, with and without convulsion, with and without sequelae in the case group were compared. Results S-100? protein levels of cerebrospinal fluid in the case group and control group were (0.641?0.390) and (0.037 ? 0.014) ?g/L( P

The present is aimed at identifying the activation of TRAFs in n asopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in vitro. The differential expression of TRAF2\,TRAF3 was not detected in RN A and protein level, whereas the expression of TRAF1 in HNE2-LMP1 cell lines wa s much more abundant than that in HNE2 cell lines, suggesting that TRAF1 may be an inducible molecule; More importantly, TRAF1, TRAF2 or TRAF3 were activated in the HNE2-LMP1 cells, whereas TRAF1, TRAF2 or TRAF3 were not activated in HNE2 cells as detected by the immunoprecipitation-Western blotting assay. These data provide an experimental basis for our study beginning from the signal transduca tion pathway for the eluccidation of the mechanism of LMP1 carcinogenesis in NP C.

Objective:To understand the training needs of basic food and drug supervision personnel to provide guidance for the future textbook compiling and training. Methods:The work, training and learning needs of basic food and drug supervision personnel were investigated using the questionnaire survey in the director of the county bureau. Results:The difference in the professional back-ground among the supervision persons and the training were significant in different areas. Conclusion: By strengthening training and textbook construction, the ability of basic food and drug supervision personnel can be enhanced and the supervision and regulation level can be improved as well.

Objective: To explore the points selection pattern of acupuncture for sleep apnea syndromes by data mining technique. Methods: Clinical literature about acupuncture therapy for sleep apnea syndromes was derived from China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Academic Journal Full-text Database (Wanfang), Chongqing VIP Database (CQVIP), PubMed and Science Direct between the time that databases were created and March 25th,2017. Relevant excel database was established and descriptive studies and association rules were analyzed. Results: The most frequently used point was Lianquan (CV 23) and the most frequently used meridian was the Stomach Meridian. The analysis of association rules showed that the clinical choice of acupuncture points was highly correlated, among which the combination of the highest degree of confidence and the highest degree of support was Shenmen (HT 7) and Sishencong (EX-HN 1); Lieque (LU 7), lianquan (CV 23) and Zhaohai (KI 6). Conclusion: Acupuncture treatment of sleep apnea syndromes has specific selection rules of points, providing certain references for clinical and scientific research.

Objective To analyze the incidence,bacterial spectrum and clinical features of peripherally inserted central catheter-associated bloodstream infection in neonates, and to investigate the effect of infection control strategies on the occurrence of infection,by which it is helpful in choosing effective strategies for clinical practice. Methods Clinical data, results of blood culture and culture of the catheter tip were collected from 72 infants (66 of them were very low birth weight) admitted to NICU from July, 2007 to August, 2008. The incidence of PICC-associated bloodstream infection (PICC-BSI) in the old hospital was compared with that of the new hospital. Results Bacterial colonization was not found. PICC-BSI was found in 15 cases (18. 1%), including 11 cases (13.2%) with definite sepsis and 4 cases (4. 8 %) with clinical sepsis.The incidence of PICC-BSI was 10. 2/1 000 PICC-days as a whole,with 16. 1/1 000 PICC-days in the old hospital and,7. 7/1 000 PICC-days in the new hospital respectively. Eleven organisms were isolated including Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CoNS) (4 strains), Acinetobacter baumannii (3 strains), Klebsiella pneumonia (2 strains), Enterococcus(1 strain), and Candida parapsilosis (1 strain). The incidence of PICC-BSI in the new hospital was lower compared with that of the old hospital. Conclusion Most of the isolated organisms of PICC-BSI are opportunistic and multi-drug resistant pathogen. PICC-BSI can be reduced by the effective infection control strategies in NICU.