Autophagy, a cellular process of "self-eating" by which intracellular components are degraded within the lysosome, is an evolutionarily conserved response to various stresses. Autophagy is associated with numerous patho-physiological conditions, and dysregulation of autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases including cancer. Depending on context, activation of autophagy may promote either cell survival or death, two major events that determine pathological process of many illnesses. Importantly, the activity of autophagy is often associated with apoptosis, another critical cellular process determining cellular fate. A better understanding of biology of autophagy and its implication in human health and disorder, as well as the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis, has the potential of facilitating the development of autophagy-based therapeutic interventions for human diseases such as cancer.
Apoptosis ; Autophagy ; Cell Death ; Cell Survival ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; pathology

The large majority of elderly patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery take antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs on a regular basis. Antithrombotic treatments predisposes to bleeding complications that may lead to retrobulbar haemorrhage, suprachoroidal haemorrhage and ultimately, to loss of vision. However, discontinuation of antithrombotic medication in such patients may lead to thromboembolic events with serious consequences. There are no guidelines on perioperative management of ophthalmic patients who are on antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs. We reviewed traditional and newer agents in the context of cataract, vitreoretinal, glaucoma and oculoplastic surgery. Recommendations are given for continuation, cessation and recommencement of these agents in order to minimise the risk of bleeding and thrombotic complications.

Objective To investigate effect of tacrolimus on renal function, blood lipids, cytokines and peripheral HMGB-1 and NF-κB in nephrotic syndrome patients.Methods From January 2012 to January 2014 in the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 cases of patients with nephrotic syndrome were included based on random number table, and divided into two groups (n=65) and control group (n=62).Control group with conventional symptomatic treatment, observation group in combination with tacrolimus treatment on the basis of control group, which were treated for a total of two courses, eight weeks for a course of treatment.Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C levels, serum IL-1, TNF-αlevels and serum HMGB-1 and NF-κB levels were evaluated.Results The serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels after treatment was significantly lower than that of control group, respectively ( P<0.05 ) .TG, TC and LDL-C levels after treatment in observation group was significantly lower than that of control group respectively (P<0.05).Serum IL-1 and TNF-αlevels after treatment in observation group was significantly lower than that of control group respectively (P<0.05).Serum HMGB-1 and NF-κB levels after treatment in observation group was significantly lower than that of control group respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion Tacrolimus can reduce blood lipid levels, inflammatory reaction and serum HMGB-1, NF-κB levels in nephrotic syndrome patients, and significantly improve renal function.

Objective To investigate effect of alprostadil on serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and nutritional biochemical indexes in patients with chronic renal failure.Methods According to the random number table, 129 patients with chronic renal failure patients were included in this group and randomly divided into observation groups (n=67) and control group (n=62).Control group were given conventional symptomatic treatment, and the observation group were given alprostadil treatment on the basis of control group with a course of four weeks of both groups.The Scr, BUN, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, Ca2 +, ALB, P3 +, Hb, RBC, hemorheology changes were compared before and after treatment.Results The Scr, BUN levels after treatment was significantly lower than before treatment (P<0.05), and Scr, BUN levels in observation group after treatment was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05).Serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, CRP after treatment significantly decreased than before treatment (P<0.05), serum IL-6, TNF-α, CRP after treatment was significantly lower than control group ( P<0.05 ).After treatment, Ca2 +, ALB levels of observation group was significantly higher than control group and P3 +was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences of Hb, RBC.The hemorheology of observation group before treatment was significantly lower than control group ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion Alprostadil can significantly improve renal function, and the possible mechanism may be associated with reducing serum levels of inflammatory factors and improving blood rheology, which delay progression of chronic renal failure effectively.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of PET-CT scans in lymphomatous patients in post-therapy evaluation. Methods 18F-FDG PET-CT imaging were performed in 40 lymphomatous patients whom had been received therapy. Successive PET-CT imaging were performed in 5 cases, and the treatment was evaluated with clinical evaluation. Results Successive PET-CT imaging were performed in 5 cases, in which the tumor was eradicated in 2 cases, improved in 2 cases, and relapsed in 1 case. In 35 patients PET-CT imaging was repeated after treatment, among them 30 cases with complete or partial remission, and PET-CT imaging was positive in 25 cases. PET-CT imaging was still positive in 8 cases with recurrent or remnant tumor. PET-CT imaging changed the therapeutic regime. Conclusion PET-CT imaging can detect the recurrent or remnant tumor sensitively and accurately. There is a significant value for the guidance of clinical therapeutic.

Objective Summarize the interventional nursing experiences for patients with coronary chronic total occlucion by transraidal approach. Methods Preoperative evaluation, careful psychological nursing, perioperative observation and prevetion complications were used for 105 patients with coronary chronic total occlusion when curred by transraidal approach intervention. Results There were 97 cases had successful operation, while 8 cases failure. There were 14 cases of perioperative hypotension, 6 cases of coronary acute occlusion, 4 cases of coronary perforation and 3 cases of no- reflow. There were no radial- as-sociated complication in any patients. Conclusions Effective and careful nursing measures can prevent complications.

Objective: To study the significance of DNA content in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).Methods: DNA content and cell cycle of the cells in 18 cases of oral SCC were analized by image cytometry (ICM). Results: The DNA index (DI) and proliferation index (PI) were remarkably heigher in SCC than in normal epithelium ( P

To research the association between primary progressive pterygium and tear film.
●METHODS: Totally 60 cases of primary progressive pterygium from September 2012 to June 2013 in our hospital were enrolled. The pterygium eye was for observation group and the contralateral eye as the control group. The differences of eye symptoms, tear film break-up time ( BUT ), Schirmer Ⅰ test ( S Ⅰ t ), corneal fluorescein staining (FL), tear ferning test (TFT) and the conjunctival impression cytology ( ClC) were compared between two groups.
●RESULTS: The eyes in observation group had higher symptoms score, FL score, grades of conjunctival squamous metaplasia, percentage of abnormal tear ferning, but had lower BUT and density of goblet cell, the differences had statistically significance (P<0. 05); Similar S Ⅰ t results were presented in the two groups, the difference had no statistically significance (P>0. 05).
● CONCLUSlON: Primary progressive pterygium can cause a decrease in tear film stability, which in turn lead to some dry eye symptoms such as dry feeling and burning sensation, and its mechanism may be caused by multi-factors, such as density change of goblet cell and the tear fluid dynamics.

Objective To explore the advantages of computer assisted total knee arthroplasty(TKA)by comparing the post-operative 1 year short term effect of the computer assisted TKA and the conventional TKA .Methods A total of 60 patients from September 2013 to September 2014 were randomly divided into two groups and performed TKA by adopting the computer-assisted technology and the conventional technology respectively .The KSS score ,WOMAC score ,Oxford score and long-leg weight-bearing X-ray before operation and at postoperative 1 year were performed for each case and the statistical analysis was conducted . Results All cases were followed up for an average of 12 months (12—14 months) .The mechanical limb axis in the navigation as-sisted group was —0 .033o± 1 .470o ,which in the traditional group was 0 .600o± 2 .989o(t= —1 .711 ,P<0 .05);the proportions of within 3o varus/valgus force lines were 86 .70% and 73 .30% respectively ,the KSS scores were 88 .80 ± 3 .71 and 82 .63 ± 4 .15;the postoperative WOMAC scores were 23 .57 ± 3 .64 and 30 .00 ± 4 .89 respectively ;the Oxford scores were 18 .53 ± 3 .66 and 21 .83 ± 3 .99 ,the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P<0 .005) .Conclusion TKA by computer navigation guidance can obtain more accurate lower limb force lines ,moreover the navigation group has more advantages in the clinical rehabili-tation effect .

Objective To explore the expression and clinical significance of GSK-3β,PTEN and PLK1 in pediatric AML . Methods Experiment group was bone marrows of 33 cases incipient children with AML .Control group was 10 cases normal bone marrows .GSK-3β,PTEN and PLK1 gene expressions in BMMNC of the two groups were tested using semi quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR)technique .GSK-3βprotein and P-GSK-3βexpressions were tested by ELISA .Re-sults The expression of GSK-3βmRNA ,GSK-3βprotein ,PLK1 mRNA in BMMNC of children with AML was higher than that of control group(P=0 .012 ;P= 0 .014 ;P= 0 .040);The expression of PTEN mRNA ,P-GSK-3β was lower than the control group (P=0 .012 ;P=0 .002);GSK-3βprotein had a negative correlation with PTEN mRNA (r= -0 .415 ,P=0 .016);GSK-3βmRNA , GSK-3βprotein had a positive correlation with PLK 1 mRNA(r=0 .388 ,P=0 .026;r=0 .427 ,P=0 .013) .The expression of GSK-3βprotein was high in which had high peripheral white blood cell counts ;both the expressions of GSK-3βmRNA and GSK-3βpro-tein were high in which had high risk ;but the expression of P-GSK-3βwere low .Conclusion In pediatric AML ,GSK-3βand PLK1 may play a role of oncogene and PTEN may play a role of tumor suppressor gene .