Since its discovery in 1921, insulin has been considered to be the most important hormone in the regulation of glucose and fat metabolism. In recent years, studies have revealed that besides metabolism regulation, insulin can also act as a growth factor like hormone in regulating multiple processes and various cellular activities in the process of wound healing. This review summarizes the role of insulin in wound healing and its underlying mechanism.
Glucose ; metabolism ; Growth Hormone ; metabolism ; physiology ; Humans ; Insulin ; physiology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I ; physiology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II ; physiology ; Wound Healing ; physiology

Objective:Evaluate the role of reactive oxygen species production and the differential expression of Rac2 and RhoGDI of neutrophils in pathogenesis of coronary heart disease.Methods:Reactive oxygen species production was measured by chemiluminescence method,the mRNA expression of Rac2 and RhoGDI was detected by quantitative RT-PCR.Results:The reactive oxygen species production by neutrophil is significantly increased in the coronary heart disease group,and the increase is related to the inflammatory cytokines in plasma.There is a significant increase of Rac2mRNA expression in coronary heart disease group than that of the control,while the expression of RhoGDImRNA in two groups are not significantly different.The ratio of Rac2mRNA to RhoGDImRNA is correlated to the production of reactive oxygen species of neutrophils.Conclusion:Netrophils are involved in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease through their reactive oxygen species production,and the abnormal expression of Rac2 and RhoGDI is an important cause leading to the increased reactive oxygen species production.

Child ; Fructose ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Status Epilepticus ; drug therapy

Objective To evaluate the prognostic value of dynamic delta model of end stage liver disease(MELD)in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis.Methods Ninty-seven patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis were enrolled in the study and followed for 1 year followed up.Child-Turcotte- Pugh(CTP)score and MELD score were calculated twice for each patient on the first day of admission and one month later.The difference between two MELD scores represented the delta MELD.The predictive value related with delta MELD,MELD and CTP scores was determined by the area under receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve.Results Ten patients died within 3 months,whose delta MELD(3.23?2.77) were higher than those of survivors(0.15?0.39)(P

Objective · To investigate the effects of insulin on high glucose-cultured humanmononuclear cell line THP-1 and macrophage phenotype transformation in diabetic wounds. Methods · THP-1 cells were cultured with normal (5.6 mmol/L) and high (25 mmol/L) glucose, respectively,stimulated with PMA for differentiation, and induced to M1 macrophages with LPS. After treated with insulin for 6 h, expression changes of M1 type macrophage markers inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as well as M2 type macrophage markers arginase1 (Arg1) and IL-10 were detected using real-time PCR andWestern blotting. High fat diet feeding plus multiple intraperitoneal injections of low dose streptozotocin (STZ) were used to induce type II diabetes rat model. After blood glucose level has been stable for five weeks, two fullthickness skin wounds with the diameter of 1cm were made on the back of DM rats. Wounds were randomly assigned to being treated with insulin (0.2 U insulin /20 μL saline) or saline (20 μL saline) using the random number table. Characteristics of macrophagephenotypes were observed 3, 7, and 25days after wounds were made. Normal rats (n=3) served as controls. Results · After being cultured with high glucose, the mRNA levels of M1 markers iNOS and TNF-α were up-regulated in LPS-induced THP-1 cells, while the mRNA levels of M2 markers Arg1 and IL-10 were down-regulated.Afterbeing treated with insulin for 6 h, mRNA levels of iNOS and TNF-α weredown-regulated, protein levels of iNOS, IL-1β were down-regulated too, while mRNAand protein levels of Arg1 and IL-10 were up-regulated. In addition, the expression level of phosphorylated NF-κB-p65 was significantly increased after high glucose culture and was significantly decreased after insulin intervention. Compared to normal rat skin wounds, the expression of iNOS in macrophages was significantly increased in wounds of diabetic rats. The expression of iNOS in macrophages was high in saline treated wounds 3 and 7 days after the wounds were made and the expression of Arg1 was low 25 days after the wounds were made. In insulin treated wounds, the expression of iNOS started to decrease on day 7 after the wounds were made and the expression of Arg1 was significantly higher than that in saline treated wounds on day 25 after the wounds were made. Conclusion · Insulin can induce macrophage phenotype transformation from M1 to M2 under high glucose condition and the mechanism may be associated with the phosphorylation of NF-κB-p65.

p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) is a member of MAP kinase family. Its widespectrum roles in the control of energy metabolism have been indicated in numerous studies. P3 8 participates in the energy metabolism in all major tissues/organs involved in the control of energy metabolism, including adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, islet cells, and liver. In white adipose tissue, p38 plays an important role in adipose differentiation and glucose uptake although it is still inconclusive whether this role of p38 is stimulatory or inhibitory. The stimulatory role of p38 in transcription of the uncoupling protein 1 ( UCP1 ) gene in brown adipose tissue is relatively clear. A fundamental role for p38 in the differentiation of skeletal muscles and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscles is rather definitive although the role of p3 8 in glucose uptake of skeletal muscles remains controversial. In islet cells, p38 appears to be involved in β-cell apoptosis. P38 has been indicated in the control of preproinsulin gene transcription, but remains controversial. However, it seems clear that p38 does not play a significant role in insulin secretion. In the liver, p38 plays a central role in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Activation of p38 participates in the processes to increase blood glucose levels through reducing glycogen synthesis and increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis. P38 appears to prevent fat storage by inhibiting hepatic lipogenesis and promoting fatty acid oxidation in the liver. Additionally, p38 may play a critical role in cholesterol metabolism by regulating expression of the LDLR gene and bile metabolism. P38 does not only participate in various physiological and pathophysiological processes in cardiomyocytes, but also is heavily involved in the development of atherosclerotic lessions through its influences on monocytes/macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells.

Objective To investigate the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) after cerebral infarction and treatment with curcumin combined with electroacupuncture.Methods Middle cerebral artery occlusion was successfully introduced to simulate cerebral infarction in 60 healthy,male Wistar rats.They were then randomly divided into a control group,an electroacupuncture group,a curcumin group and a curcumin combined with electroacupuncture group (the observation group),each of 15.After the modeling,the four groups were given the planned interventions for 2 weeks,with the control group receiving no intervention.All of the rats were sacrificed after neurobehavioral scoring and immunological staining of brain tissue from the infarction area was used to detect the expression of BDNF and NGF.Results The average Bederson score in the observation group was significantly lower than those of the other groups.Cells expressing BDNF and NGF were significantly more numerous in the observation group than in the other three groups.Conclusion Curcumin combined with electroacupuncture can significantly improve the expression of BDNF and NGF in the infarcted area,and this may play a neuroprotective role.

Objective To study the regulatory ability of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ?(PPAR?) ligands to the inflammatory response in human gallbladder epithelial cells. Methods Culture human gallbladder epithelial cells and identify them . Cells were treated for 24 hours with 0, 10 ?mol/L, 20 ?mol/L, 30 ?mol/L, 50 ?mol/L and 100 ?mol/L of Ciglitazone during cellular growth peak(5th day), then stimulated them with hIL-1? 5 ng/ml for 2 hours and measured the concentration of IL-6、IL-8 and TNF-? in cellular supernatants by riadioimmunoassay. Results Contrasted with control group, the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in each test group were inhibited ((P

Objective To explore the relationship among resilience, general self-efficacy and coping styles of inpatients with tibia and fibula fracture. Methods Totally 104 inpatients with tibia and fibula fracture who met the conditions were investigated with General Self-Efficacy Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire. Results The total score of resilience with tibia and fibula fracture inpatient was 52.36 ± 9.56, which had a positive relationship with general self-efficacy and self-improvement coping style. Educational level, general self-efficacy, facing coping and yielding coping styles were influencing factors of resilience in patients with tibia and fibula fracture. Conclusions The level of resilience in patients with tibia and fibula fracture needs to be improved. Health care workers should pay attention to improve patient′s general self-efficacy, focus on patient′s coping styles and strengthen psychological health education of lower degree patients.

Objective To investigate the effect of different concentrations of dexmedetomidine on the apoptosis of hippocampal neurons in neonatal rat induced by propofol in vitro. Methods Hippocampal neurons of primary cultured neonatal SD rat were divided randomly into three groups. Group C (control group)was normal cultured without any treatment for 12 h; group P (Propofol group)was incubated with 12 μg/mL propofol for 12 h and group DP (Dexmedetomidine + propofol group)was incubated with 0.002 5 ~ 25 μg/mL dexmedetomidine for 30 min, and then further incubated with 12 μg/mL propofol for 12 h. Results Compared with that of group C, the apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons increased in group P and DP (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); Compared with that of group P, the apoptosis rate of neurons decreased with the increase of dexmedetomidine concentration in group DP (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The result of transmission electron microscope indicated that compared with group C , group P showed obvious neuronal damage; the nerve cells damage alleviated in group DP, which were negatively associated with the concentration. Conclusions With the concentration ranging from 0.002 5 to 25 μg/mL, dexmedetomidine set pre-incubation and breeding can reduce apoptosis of hippocampus neuron of neonatal rats induced by propofol and the effect is concentration dependent.