Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common complication that leads to loss of vision after cataract surgery.Neodymium doped:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:Yag) laser capsulotomy is a common treatment for PCO, but still associated with several complications.In the past decades, the prevention and treatment of PCO have always been a hot spot of research in ophthalmology.This review will address the advances in the prevention and treatment of PCO in the aspects of surgical techniques and types of intraocular lens (IOL).

Objective To investigate etiology and clinical features of acute pancreatitis (AP) in young patients. Methods In total, 423 patients with AP admitted to Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province during January 2006 to December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed, 55 cases aged 34 years or less as young group and another 55 cases aged more than 34 years as middle- and elderly-age group. Their etiology, clinical features and illness scores based on some standard criteria were assessed. Results Proportion of varied etiologies of AP in young group was different from that in middle- and elderly-age one (x2 = 17. 107, P = 0. 009) , mainly as biliary and idiopathic pancreatitis in young group and as biliary and alcoholic pancreatitis in middle- and elderly-age one. Incidence of diet-related and idiopathic pancreatitis were higher in young group than that in middle- and elderly-age one ( x2 =4. 853, P = 0. 028 and x2=4. 274, P = 0. 039 ). Scores of the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II ( APACHE II ) , Ranson criteria and the bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis ( BISAP) were all lower in young group than those in middle- and elderly-age one (t = 5. 381 , P = 0. 000; t = 4. 388 , P = 0. 000 and t=3. 083, P = 0. 003 ) . There was no statistically significant difference in scores of computed tomography severity index ( CTSI) between young group and middle- and elderly-age one (t = ±0. 750, P > 0. 05 ) . Recurrence rate of AP was lower in young group than that in middle- and elderly-age one ( x2 =4. 251, P = 0. 039). Cholecystitis was more complicated in young group, pregnancy was more complicated in young group (x2 =4. 151 , P =0. 042) , and elevated blood glucose was more complicated in middle- and elderly-age one (x2 = 13. 285 , P = 0. 000 ) . Conclusions Etiology of AP varies in young patients with more dietary factors, occurrence of systemic complications and risks for death are lower in young group than those in middle- and elderly-age one, and there was no statistically significant difference in local complications and severity of illness between the two groups.

Objective To investigate the role of erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 (CR1) in the pathogenesis of chronic urticaria.Methods Venous blood samples were collected from 59 patients with chronic urticaria (including 14 cases of dermatographism and 45 chronic idiopathic urticaria) and 29 healthy human controls.Flow cytometry was carried out to quantify the expression level of CR1,and double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the serum level of immunoglobulin E (IgE),complement C3,C4 and 50％ complement hemolytic activity (CH50).Differences in these parameters were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and independent samples t-test,and correlation between these paramenters by Pearson correlation analysis.Results The expression level (expressed as mean fluorescence intensity per 10 000 erythrocytes) of CR1 was significantly higher in patients with dermatographism and chronic idiopathic urticaria than in the healthy controls (35.06 ± 2.06 and 29.17 ± 1.53 vs.20.46 ± 2.57,t =4.20 and 3.33,both P ＜ 0.05),while no statistical difference was observed between the patients with dermatographism and chronic idiopathic urticaria (P ＞ 0.05).Increased total serum IgE levels were observed in patients with dermatographism and chronic idiopathic urticaria compared with the healthy controls ((769.89 ± 123.0) μg/L and (340.09 ± 29.74) μg/L vs.(107.63 ± 88.79) μg/L,t =5.58,5.85,both P ＜ 0.05),and in patients with dermatographism compared with those with chronic idiopathic urticaria (t =3.49,P ＜ 0.05).For patients with chronic urticaria,there was a statistical difference in the expression level of CR1 between individuals (n=22) with total serum IgE levels ranging from 0 to 240 μg/L and those (n =17) higher than 500 μg/L (24.45 ± 10.83 vs.33.09 ± 11.86,t =3.33,P＜ 0.05).The total serum IgE levels were positively correlated with the level of CR1 (r =0.27,P ＜ 0.05),but uncorrelated with that of complement C3 (r =0.16,P ＞ 0.05) or C4 (r =-0.08,P＞ 0.05).The level of complement C3 was positively correlated with that of C4 (r =0.54,P ＜ 0.01).One-way ANOVA revealed no significant difference in the serum levels of complement C3,C4,or CH50 between the patients with dermatographism,patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria and healthy controls (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion CR1 is abnormally expressed in patients with chronic urticaria.

Aim at the two problems in the field of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) mechanism elucidation, one is the lack of detailed biological processes information, next is the low efficient in constructing network models, we constructed an auxiliary elucidation system for the TCM mechanism and realize the automatic establishment of biological network model. This study used the Entity Grammar Systems (EGS) as the theoretical framework, integrated the data of formulae, herbs, chemical components, targets of component, biological reactions, signaling pathways and disease related proteins, established the formal models, wrote the reasoning engine, constructed the auxiliary elucidation system for the TCM mechanism elucidation. The platform provides an automatic modeling method for biological network model of TCM mechanism. It would be benefit to perform the in-depth research on TCM theory of natures and combination and provides the scientific references for R&D of TCM.
Animals ; Automation ; instrumentation ; methods ; Databases, Factual ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

To investigate the dynamics of interleukin-21 (IL-21) cytokine in the Chinese HIV patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAAPT).Methods A total of 25 adults with chronic HIV infections,responding to combined highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) guideline criteria were enrolled for a 1-year follow-up.After signing an informed consent,20 mL blood was collected from each patient at the base line,6 month and 12 month,respectively.CD4 and CD8 cell count was quantified by flux cytometry,serum HIV RNA quantified by real time PCR and IL-21 concentrations by ELISA.Results IL-21 levels increased gradually during the follow-up but did not reach the healthy levels.IL-21 correlated positively with the CD4 cells but not with CD8 T cells.HIV RNA correlated negatively with CD4 cell count but did not show any relationship with the CD8 cells.Conclusion IL-21 has potential role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV,and might be an important factor in immune construction during HAART.

Objective To investigate the various factors of clinical competence model of famous and veteran physicians of Chinese medicine, and to mine effectively the clinical experience of modern famous and veteran physicians of Chinese medicine.Methods The clinical experiences of famous and veteran physicians of Chinese medicine were determined by applying the methods of philology, psychology and statistics. The clinical competence model of famous and veteran physicians of Chinese medicine was established and its reliability and validity were tested with the expert experience evaluation.Results The codes of various typical behaviors in 42 medical records showed a high consistency. There were six competence factors confirmed according to the typical behaviors. The clinical competence model of famous and veteran physicians of Chinese medicine was established. The test result indicated that the model had a higher validity.Conclusion A complete clinical competence model of famous and veteran physicians of Chinese medicine contains six competence factors, including the abilities of clinical communication, clinical information collection, clinical thinking, patient orientation, diagnosis and treatment, and research and innovation. The model also includes standard operational definition of every competence factor, and clinical typical behaviors and explanation reflecting the competence factors.

OBJECTIVETo establish the steriod-induced osteoporosis model with the type of Kidney-Yin deficiency.

METHODSTotally 45 female Kunming mice were randomly divided into normal group,model group and Liuwei Dihuang pills(Chinese character: see text)group. The model was established by intramuscular injecting of Dexamethasone. Liuwei Dihuang pills (Chinese character: see text) group was administered orally with Liuwei Dihuang pills (Chinese character: see text). The signs and symptoms of mice were observed dynamically. All the animals were sacrificed at the end of the 6th weeks. The level of ACTH, cAMP, cGMP, TSH and E2 in serum were detected to evaluate deficiency of Kidney-Yin. Morphological changes and bone density were observed to evaluate osteoporosis.

RESULTS(1) Compared with control group, mice in model group appeared obvious Kidney-Yin deficiency symptoms, including hair dry, restlessness, excitability, hard stool, and yellow. (2) Compared with control group,the weight of mice in model group gained slower (P<0.01); the index of adrenal gland,liver and spleen decreased (P<0.01, P<0.01 ,P<0.01); the level of ACTH and TSH increased (P<0.01 ,P<0.01), the level of E2 decreased (P<0.01) and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP increased (P< 0.05). (3)Compared with control group,the bone density of lumbar vertebra and femur in model group were significantly decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05); HE staining revealed osteoporosis in model group mice. (4)However, the Liuwei Dihuang pills (Chinese character: see text) group can partly antagonize the inhibition of the HPA axis, alter the disordered sex hormone and the ratio of cAMP/cGMP, and reverse the osteoporosis partly.

CONCLUSIONthe model of osteoporosis with type of Kidney-Yin deficiency could be established by Dexamethasone intramuscular injection. With less interference, it wight be a stable and reliable modeling method for integration of disease and syndrome in TCM.

Animals ; Bone Density ; Dexamethasone ; toxicity ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Kidney Diseases ; etiology ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Mice ; Osteoporosis ; chemically induced ; Yin Deficiency ; complications

The objective of this study is to combine troponin and indicators of cardiac acoustics for synthetically evaluating cardiac fatigue of rabbits, analyzing exercise-induced cardiac fatigue (EICF) and exercise-induced cardiac damage (EICD). New Zealand white rabbits were used to conduct a multi-step swimming experiments with load, reaching an exhaustive state for evaluating if the amplitude ratio of the first to second heart sound (S1/S2) and heart rate (HR) during the exhaustive exercise would decrease or not and if they would be recovered 24-48 h after exhaustive exercise. The experimental end point was to complete 3 times of exhaustions or death from exhaustion. Circulating troponin I (cTnI) were detected from all of the experimental rabbits at rest [(0. 02±0. 01) ng/mL], which, in general, indicated that there existed a physiological release of troponin. After the first exhaustive swim, cTnI of the rabbits increased. However, with 24-hour rest, S1/S2, HR, and cTnI of the tested rabbits all returned toward baseline levels, which meant that the experimental rabbits experienced a cardiac fatigue process. After repeated exhaustion, overloading phenomena were observed, which led to death in 3 out of 11 rabbits, indicating their cardiac damage; the troponin elevation under this condition could be interpreted by pathological release. Evaluation of myocardial damage can not be based on the troponin levels alone, but can only be based on a comprehensive analysis.
Animals ; Fatigue ; Heart ; physiopathology ; Heart Rate ; Myocardium ; pathology ; Rabbits ; Swimming ; Troponin I ; blood

Objective To observe the treatment of ~(99)Te-MDP on typeⅡcollagen induced arthritis (CIA)in rat,and the effect on the expression of synovial MMP-3 and TIMP-1 mRNA.To explore the mech anisms of the ~(99)Te-MDP in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Methods The rats in which C1A(n=24)were divided into three group:the control group(n=8),~(99)Tc-MDP group(n=8)and Methotrexate group(n=8). Arthritis were evaluated by arthritis index and histopathological index and the expressions of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 mRNA in synovium were detected by RT-PCR.Results①The arthritis indexs of the control group, the methotrexate group,the ~(99)Tc-MDP group were increased with time.②The histopathological scnres of the control group were significantly higher than those of methotrexate group and ~(99)Tc-MDP group(P＜0.01).The histopathological scores of cartilage destruction and bone erosion of ~(99)Tc-MDP group were lower than those of methotrexate group(P＜0.05).③The levels of MMP-3 mRNA of the control group,~(99)Tc-MDP group, methotrexate group were notably higher than those of the control group(P＜0.01).The levels of control group was notably higher than that of the ~(99)Tc-MDP group(P＜0.05).There was not significant difference in all groups on the levels of TIMP-1 mRNA(P＞0.05).Conclusions ~(99)Tc-MDP can notably relieve the arthritis symdrome and retard the catilage damage and bone erosion of CIA in rats,and could significantly decrease the MMP-3 mRNA in the synovium.Which may be one of the therapeutic mechanism.~(99)Tc-MDP is better than methotrexate in retarding catilage and bone erosion and decreasing MMP-3 mRNA in CIA rats in a 3-week therapeutic intervention.

Objective To examine the expression of toll-like receptor 2(TLR2)in peripheral blood monocytes and explore its association with disease stages and clinical manifestations and to explore the patho- genesis of rheumatoid arthritis(RA).Methods The expression of toll-like receptor 2 in peripheral blood monocytes from 47 RA patientis(27 in active stage and 20 in stable stage)and 18 normal individuals were de- tected by flowcytometry and RT-PCR.Results The expression of toll-like receptor 2 in peripheral blood monocytes in patients with active disease was significantly increased compared to non-active patients and nor- mal individuals,The expression was found to correlate with the Disease Active Score(DAS),serum C-reactive protein(CRP)level and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),but not correlate with rheumatoid factor (RF)and the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide(CCP)antibody.Conclusion The expression of toll-like recep- tor 2 in peripheral blood monocytes of patients with active RA is significantly increased.And the expression is correlated with disease activity index.The innate immune system is activated in patients with active disease. And the increased expression may promote the activities of monocytes.