OBJECTIVEReduced oxygen availability at a high altitude is associated with increased pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP). With the altitude goes up the change of PAP in healthy children is still not clear. The difference of PAP in native Tibetan and Han children at a high altitude are also not clear. Many studies have shown that Doppler echocardiographic estimation of PAP correlates closely to the values obtained with the invasive measurement. Therefore the indexes of PAP in health children living at different altitudes were investigated and the indexes of PAP in Han and Tibetan children at the high altitude were compared by Doppler echocardiography.

METHODSA randomized survey was carried out on the indexes of PAP with Doppler echocardiography (HP-8500 and CAL-163 echocardiographic machine) by two doctors of Qinghai Provincial Women and Children Hospital from June 1998 to July 2002. The survey covering Jiuzhi Qinghai (at 3700 m above the sea level), Xining Qinghai (at 2260 m above the sea level) and Shanghai (at 16 m above the sea level) included a population of 1061 children aged 0 - 14 years. The population of 1061 composed of 218 Han children at Shanghai, 567 Han children at Xining Qinghai and 276 children at Jiuzhi, Qinghai including 118 migrated Han and 148 native Tibetan children. The physical, EKG and chest X-ray examination of each child were carried out to ensure all the subjects were healthy. A pulse oximeter was placed on each child's foot to provide measurements of arterial oxygen saturation (SO2) distal to the ductus arteriosus. The indexes of PAP included right ventricular systolic time interval (RSTI) and mean of pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) which was assessed by a multiple regression equation (mPAP=27.79 + 35.42 x PEP/AT-50.85 x AT/ETc). The AT/ETc was that AT/ET was divided by R-R. The RSTI included previous ejection period (PEP), ascending time (AT), ejection time (ET), PEP/AT and AT/ET. All subjects were divided into 7 age groups. The data of PAP indexes were compared among three different altitude groups and age groups. The data of PAP indexes were also compared in Han and Tibetan children living over 3700 m sea level in each age group.

RESULTSWith the altitude increase the SO2 of the subjects obviously reduced and the indexes of PAP changed. The SO2 correlated closely with the PEP, AT, PEP/A, AT/ET and mPAP (r = 0.352, 0.144, -0.394, -0.166 and -0.363, respectively; P < 0.01). The AT and AT/ET in the groups of 2260 m and 3700 m were shorter than those in the group of 16 m (P = 0.03-0.000) in each age group. The PEP and PEP/AT in 3700 m group were longer than those in 2260 m and 16 m groups (P=0.006-0.000) in each age group. The mPAP in 3700 m group was higher than that in 2260 m and 16 m groups in each age group (mean [+/-SE] mmHg, 35.23 +/- 8.72 vs 17.99 +/- 8.78 and 15.86 +/- 8.96 aged 0 - 28 d, 32.06 +/- 13.38 vs 20.72 +/- 5.71 and 14.64 +/- 8.19 aged to 6 mo, 31.83 +/- 10.53 vs 20.89 +/- 10.12 and 14.69 +/- 5.89 aged to 1 yr, 27.58 +/- 13.55 vs 19.12 +/- 9.75 and 17.36 +/- 6.71 aged to 3 yr, 24.19 +/- 8.38 vs 19.64 +/- 9.36 and 16.43 +/- 4.68 aged to 6 yr, 23.90 +/- 11.35 vs 16.77 +/- 6.79 and 14.42 +/- 6.50 aged to 10 yr, 23.08 +/- 7.31 vs 18.53 +/- 7.25 and 15.45 +/- 6.12 aged to 14 yr, P=0.000). With the growth of the children the reduction of PAP was remarkable at 3700 m above sea level (F=5.638 P=0.000), the mPAP indexes of the first, second and third age groups were evidently higher than those of the other age groups. The SO2, RSTI and mPAP in the native Tibetan children were not different from those in the migrated Han children (P > 0.05) in each age group.

CONCLUSIONThe PAP of healthy children at the high altitude was different from that of healthy children at the low altitude. The PAP of the healthy children at 3700 m above sea level was remarkably increased. At 3700 m above sea level the PAP of newborns and infants increased much more compared with that of juvenile. The race may not significantly affect the PAP at the high altitude. The high altitude hypoxic environment might play a major role in the increase of PAP.

Adolescent ; Altitude ; Blood Pressure ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Humans ; Hypoxia ; physiopathology ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Oximetry ; Oxygen ; analysis ; Pulmonary Artery ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Tibet

Objective Study on the epidemiological characteristiCS of poliomyelitis virus in Yunnan, from 2003 to 2007.Methods Surveillance data of acute flaccid paralysis(AFP) cases from year 2003 to 2007 was gathered.All the stool specimens were identified to contain polio virus.Results 1171 AFP cases were reported.Out of the total number of 1138 stool specimens from 2003 to 2007,57 cases showed polio virus(5.0%),159 showed NPEV(14.0%),922 cases showed virus negative.In those virus,polio type II took the lead(31.6%).57 AFP cases appeared in 37(28.7%) counties in Yunnan.Most of the cases were under 2 years of age.29 cases had taken more than 3 OFV (oral poliovaccine) dosages and 41 cases had fever before paralysis occurred.Most of the cases appeared paralysis on single lower limb,but 26 cases leaving deformity.Significant difference was found between the two groups:having received vaccination more than 3 OPV dosages or less than 3 dosages.Conclusion High quality AFP epidemiological and labomtory surveillance program,together with OPV routine and supplemental immunization strategy to cover the poorly immunized area/population appeared to be most effective.

Objective? To investigate the status quo of quality of life (QOL), cognitive function and activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with ischemic cerebral stroke, explore cognitive function and ADL on QOL, and provide a reference for improving QOL in patients with cerebral stroke. Methods? Totally 140 patients with ischemic cerebral stroke hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of a hospital in Shanghai from September 2018 to January 2019 by convenient sampling and investigated with the demographic information questionnaire, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Barthel Index (BI) andWHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF). SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 22.0 were used to analyze the effects of cognitive function and ADL on QOL. Results? The total WHOQOL-BREF, BI and MMSE scores of the 140 patients with ischemic cerebral stroke was (52.56±5.34), [55 (40.00,67.25)]and[26 (23.25, 28.00)], respectively. Patients's QOL was positively correlated with ADL (r=0.173,P＜0.05) and cognitive function (r=0.276,P＜0.05). The path analysis revealed that both cognitive function and ADL had positive predictive power for QOL, whose path coefficient was 0.29 and 0.38. Conclusions? The QOL of patients with ischemic cerebral stroke stands at a medium level. Patients' cognitive function and ADL affect their QOL, which should draw attention in clinical practice, and measures should be taken for rehabilitation training of cognitive function and systematic interventions of ADL.

Objective To study the relevant factors on an measles outbreak caused by imported new virus (d11 genotype)from Myanmar and to develop effective strategies and measures.Methods On-site investigation on the outbreak was carried out. Results There were four townships (66%) in Menglian county reported 15 cases of measles, with 7 cases aged 6 months to 5 years old, 2 cases with the history of measles vaccination (MV). Another 8 cases were 21 to 49 year-olds but their histories on immunization were unclear. 14 of the measles cases with Myanmar citizenship came to China for treatment. They were aged 10 months to 13 years old, with only one case had ever received MV vaccination. For all the 29 cases, except for one case who did not adopt the sample case of Myanmar, the remaining 28 patients were positive for measles IgM antibodies. 6 cases of measles virus RNA were detected in the amplified sequence which showed genotype d11, and was considered Myanmar imported wild virus. 184 people received the MV inoculation, with a rate of 61.96% and the serum samples showed a measles IgG antibody positive rate of 87.50%. Manner MV emergency vaccination was carried out timely in that county so the measles outbreak was effectively controlled.Conclusion Imported measles cases from foreign countries might lead to epidemic, indicating the difficulty and challenge in the elimination of measles in our province. Emergent vaccination of MV could interrupt the transmission of the disease. Our experience showed that MV was effective in the prevention of d11 genotypes measles infection in the area.

This study was purposed to investigate the effect of crocin on the proliferation in vitro and immune function of dendritic cells (DC) derived from the bone marrow of children with acute leukemia. The mononuclear cells were isolated from bone marrow of leukemia children by Ficoll-Hypaque. The experiment was divided into six groups: blank control group (A), crocin 1.25 mg/ml group (B), cytokines (rhGM-CSF 75 ng/ml+rhIL-4 75 ng/ml+rhTNF-α 50 ng/ml) group (C), cytokines+crocin 0.3125, 1.25 or 5.0 mg/ml groups (D, E, F). The numbers of DC were counted and the phenotypes of DC were determined by flow cytometry on the ninth day of culture. The DC of different groups were mixed with T cells just separated from peripheral blood of another children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and cultured with rhIL-2 200 U/ml for 5 d. The function of DC was detected by mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The results indicated that the test groups and control group all obtained a certain amount of typical DC, but the DC numbers in test groups were all higher than those in control group (P < 0.01). Cultured for 9 days, the rates of CD1a(+), CD83(+), and HLA-DR(+) in group C, D, E, F were higher than group A (P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between A and B groups (P > 0.05). MLR showed that with the increasing of DC, the stimulation index of T cells in group A and B was not rising (P > 0.05); the stimulated index of T cells in group C and E was significantly rising, there was statistically significant difference between them (P < 0.01). When the number of stimulated cells was the same, the stimulation index of T cell in group E was the highest (P < 0.01). It is concluded that the capability of DC proliferation promoted by crocin alone is lower than that of its combination with rhGM-CSF, rhIL-4 and rhTNF-α, but the crocin can synergically promote the maturity of DC cooperating with rhGM-CSF, rhIL-4 and rhTNF-α. The DC induced by crocin can particularly enhance the proliferation of T cells.
Bone Marrow Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Carotenoids ; pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Child ; Dendritic Cells ; cytology ; drug effects ; Humans ; Leukemia ; pathology ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; T-Lymphocytes ; cytology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured

Objective:To evaluate the effect of tumor volume on the radiation dose and efficacy of locally advanced cervical cancer patients undergoing radical radiotherapy and chemotherapy.Methods:Clinical data of 126 patients who were diagnosed with cervical cancer (stage ⅡB-ⅣA) and underwent radical concurrent chemoradiotherapy in Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital from November 2019 to November 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The cut-off values of tumor volume before (pre-TV) and after (post-TV) external radiotherapy and tumor volume reduction rate (TVRR) were calculated by Jamovi software. The effects of pre-TV, post-TV and TVRR on short-term efficacy, progression-free survival (PFS), brachytherapy (BT) mode , high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV) and organs at risk (OAR) dose were investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses.Results:Pre-TV≥67.03 cm 3 and post-TV≥14.88 cm 3 were poor prognostic factors for 6-month PFS and objective response rate (ORR) (both P<0.05), and post-TV was an independent prognostic factor. In the TVRR≥73.0% and <73.0% groups, no statistical differences were observed in the 6-month PFS and ORR. In the pre-TV≥67.03 cm 3 group, the cases number of intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) and intracavitary / interstitial brachytherapy (IC/IS-BT) was 36 (50.0%), while in the pre-TV<67.03 cm 3 group, the cases number of ICBT and IC/IS-BT was 41 (76%) and 13 (24%), respectively ( P=0.003). In the post-TV≥14.88 cm3 group, the cases number of ICBT and IC/IS-BT was 28 (47%) and 32 (53%), while 49 (72%) and 17 (26%) in the post-TV<14.88 cm3 group, respectively ( P=0.002). The dose of HR-CTV D 90% in the TVRR≥73.0% group was significantly higher than that in the TVRR<73.0% group ( P=0.014), but there was no significant difference in the dose of bladder D 2 cm3, rectal D 2 cm3 and small intestine D 2 cm3 (all P>0.05). The dose of HR-CTV D 90% in the post-TV<14.88 cm 3 group was significantly higher than that in post-TV≥14.88 cm 3 group ( P<0.001), and the dose of bladder D 2 cm3 in the post-TV≥14.88 cm 3 group was higher than that in the post-TV<14.88 cm 3 group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the dose of rectal D 2 cm3 and small intestinal D 2 cm3 between two groups (both P>0.05). The number of concurrent chemotherapy (≥4 times vs.<4 times) had no statistical difference for 6-month PFS and TVRR. Conclusions:Pre-TV and post-TV are the influencing factors of short-term efficacy and BT mode selection for locally advanced cervical cancer. Post-TV is an independent prognostic factor and also indirectly affects the dose of HR-CTV D 90% and bladder D 2 cm3 Increasing the number of concurrent chemotherapy (≥4 times) does not improve TVRR and short-term efficacy.

This study adopted the policy text analysis method,review the historical background of the enactment,aimed to comparatively analyze the international pharmaceutical trade policies of the BRICS countries.The main objectives of the BRICS countries'international pharmaceutical trade policies included ensuring stable and accessible drug supply,expanding exports of domestic products and creating a favorable political environment.For these purposes,Brazil,Russia,and South Africa all ensure drug supply through substantial imports.However,they have also taken measures such as compulsory patent licensing and promoting localization of production by foreign companies to reduce import dependence.India,on the other hand,protects its domestic industry by resisting drug imports to ensure drug supply while simultaneously promoting the export of pharmaceutical products.China continually optimizes approval and data monitoring procedures to align with international standards,creating a favorable trade environment and expanding exports.China should further refine its international pharmaceutical trade policies while ensuring the autonomy of domestic drug research and supply,fostering stronger collaboration within BRICS nations and promoting global access to public healthcare products.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are the source of all blood cells, which can differentiate into various hematopoietic hierarchy cells. Physiological level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in regulating functions of HSC as excessive ROS is harmful to HSC. Oxidative reductases and antioxidants can eliminate cellular ROS to maintain ROS homeostasis and thus avoid excessive ROS-caused damages. There are several types of oxidative reductases in cells such as catalase, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txrnd1) and Nqo1 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1]. However, the functional roles of various oxidative reductases in regulating ROS level in hematopoietic cells remain unclear. This study was to investigate the expression patterns of these oxidative reductases in mouse hematopoietic cells that were sorted out via flow cytometry and to find out important oxidative reductases involving in HSC ROS regulation. The expression of various oxidative reductases was detected by semi-quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that the expression level of catalase in T cell population was 0.14 times that in LT-HSC population (P < 0.05). The expression levels of MnSOD in CLP population and myeloid cells were 0.56 and 0.47 times that in LT-HSC population respectively (P < 0.05). The expression levels of GPX1 in ST-HSC, GMP, Myeloid cells, MEP, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes were 1.79, 2.96, 2.07, 0.58, 0.10, 0.6 times that in LT-HSC population respectively (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Txrnd1 in ST-HSC, MPP, CMP, GMP, Myeloid cells, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes were 3.36, 3.18, 4.19, 6.39, 4.27, 0.016, 0.56 time that in LT-HSC population, respectively (P < 0.05). The expression levels of Nqo1 in ST-HSC, MPP, CMP, GMP, CLP and B cell were 0.30, 0.17, 0.25, 0.10, 0.04, 0.01 times that in LT-HSC population, respectively (P < 0.05). It is concluded that the expression levels of oxidative reductases (catalase, MnSOD, GPX1, Txrnd1 and Nqo1) in hematopoietic hierarchy cells are cell-type specific. It suggests that reductases may play divergent roles in various hematopoietic cell populations. More importantly, the expression level of Nqo1 in LT-HSC population significantly increased as compared with other cell populations, thereby suggesting its unique regulatory role in HSC.
Animals ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells ; enzymology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Myeloid Cells ; enzymology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidative Stress ; Oxidoreductases ; metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; metabolism

Objective To analyze the results of detection on influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in Beijing from May 2009 to December 2009 and to understand the epidemiologic characteristics during the pandemic period. Methods The study was conducted from the May 1 to December 27,2009. A total of 101 852 throat swab samples were detected with the real-time RT-PCR assay by the Beijing Network Laboratory. Data was statistically analyzed. Results 9843 samples showed influenza A (H1N1) 2009 positive, with an overall positive rate as 9.66%. In terms of the positive rates, they were 2.85% from May to June, 3.32% from July to August and 8.35% from September to October. The peak month fell in November (29.67%) and December (24.33%). The positive rates among the following subpopulations were: 8.40% among the suspected cases, 4.75% among close contact cases, 11.46% among the influenza-like illness cases and 7.33% among the cluster cases with fever. Positive cases mainly fell in age groups 5-14 and 15-24. The ratio of male to female was 1.5:1.Conclusion During the pandemic period of influenza A (H1N1) 2009, positive cases gradually increased during May to November but slowly decreasing in December.

OBJECTIVETo explore the value of different types of samples, including throat swabs, stools, bloods in pandemic A (H1N1) influenza diagnosis and virus shedding patterns.

METHODSFrom May to June in 2009, 135 samples were collected from 23 confirmed cases of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection, including 99 throat swabs, 14 stools, 11 bloods, 1 respiratory tract washing from 13 confirmed cases and 10 blood samples from other confirmed cases. The virus was detected by real-time RT-PCR, the antibody was detected by haemagglutination inhibition assay.

RESULTSFor 99 throat swabs of 13 patients, the median time of the first positive real-time RT-PCR was 1 day (ranged from 0 to 7 days) after the onset of the symptoms of illness; the median length of time duration of positive real-time RT-PCR results from throat swabs was 3 days (ranged from 1 to 15 days). Four cases intermittently released virus. One respiratory tract washing sample was positive. In 14 stools, 8 stools were real-time RT-PCR positive, the positive rate was 57.14%. The median time of the positive real-time RT-PCR was 3 days (ranged from 1 to 4 days) after the onset of the symptoms of illness. In 21 blood samples collected at 2 to 9 days of onset, 1 blood sample was real-time RT-PCR positive, the positive rate was 4.76%. All these 21 blood samples were antibody negative.

CONCLUSIONThroat swabs and stools samples can be used as A (H1N1) influenza early diagnosis. The length of time duration of positive real-time RT-PCR in throat swabs was longer than stool samples and intermittently releasing of virus were found in throat swabs. Influenza A H1N1 cases showed the presence of small amount of viremia and antibody was negative in early blood samples (< 9 days).

Adolescent ; Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; analysis ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype ; immunology ; Influenza, Human ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Virus Shedding ; Young Adult