OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan (CPT-11) in SD rats with immunological liver injury. METHODS: The animal model of immunological liver injury was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus Bacille-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in rats. Rats were randomly divided into two groups; normal control group and immunological liver injury model group. The two groups were injected with CPT-11 (20 mg · kg-1) via tail vein and plasma concentrations of CPT-11 and its metabolite SN-38 were determined by HPLC. Pharmacokinetical parameters were calculated. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control group, AUC0-24h, AUC0-∞ and ρmax of CPT-11 in immunological liver injury rats were increased significantly (P < 0.05), but AUC0-24h, AUC0-∞ and ρmax of SN-38 were decreased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Under the state of immunological liver injury, the hydrolysis of CPT-11 is inhibited significantly. The underlying mechanism may be related to the down-regulation of the expression of carboxylesterase 2 by LPS. Copyright 2012 by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Prone position ventilation has become an important part of lung protective ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients. Timely and appropriate implementation can improve the mortality of such patients. The same is true for patients with critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, but safety assessment, control of implementation details and prevention of complications still need to be further standardized during the practical procedure of prone position ventilation. The purpose of this paper is to explain the specific requirements and key points of prone position ventilation in critical COVID-19 patients, in order to promote the application of prone position ventilation in the treatment of patients with critical COVID-19 and reduce the occurrence of related complications.

Puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSAP) belongs to the M1 family of aminopeptidases, characterized by the N-terminal substrate binding sequence GAMEN, the enzyme activity center HEXXH(X)₁₈E motif, and the C-terminal ERAP-1-like superfamily structural domain. Encoded by the gene NPEPPS located at 17q21.32, PSAP consists of 919 amino acids and is widely distributed throughout the human body, with the highest expression in the brain, followed by the heart and skeletal muscle. It is also found in the liver, renal tubular epithelium, small intestine, large intestine epithelium, and gastric epithelial cells. PSAP primarily relies on its aminopeptidase hydrolytic activity to remove toxic protein aggregates such as Tau, poly Q, and Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase 1, making it an important factor in the development of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's chorea, and tumors. Existing PSAP inhibitors include bestatin, amastatin, leuhistin, actinonin, and purinomycin, some of which are already available or in clinical trials. This review provides an overview of the structural and biological functions of M1 family aminopeptidases, with a focus on PSAP, to facilitate further research and targeted drug development.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of the social support, coping styles and self-efficacy on depression of adults with epilepsy. Methods84 patients with epilepsy were evaluated with Zung's self rating depression scale (SDS), general conditions questionnaire, Social Support Scale, Coping Styles Questionnaire, General Self-efficacy Scale. Based on the SDS, they were divided into the depression group and the epileptic group.Results52 patients suffered from depression (61.2%). There were significant differences in general self-efficacy, coping styles and social support between the depression group and the epileptic group （P<0.05）. The score of SDS was positively correlated with the frequency of seizure, duration of epilepsy, fantasy, self-accusation and avoiding （P<0.05）, and negatively correlated with the economic status, total support, objective support, subjective support, utilization of support, problem solving, help seeking, rationalizing and self-efficacy （P<0.05）. Multiple regression analysis showed that the score of SDS was correlated with the self-efficacy, help seeking, self-accusation, economic status and frequency of seizure.ConclusionThe depression of adults with epilepsy are affected by the social support，coping styles and self-efficacy.

ABSTRACT:Objective To study the efficacy and safety of oxcarbazepine (OXC)oral suspension on children with different kinds of epilepsy.Methods A total of 83 children with epilepsy were selected from the Pediatric Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University and Xi’an Children’Hospital from June 201 1 to June 2014.They were treated with OXC monotherapy or adjunctive therapy.Use open-label and self-contrast method.The initial dose of OXC was 8 -10 mg/(kg·d),and then was added 10 mg/(kg·d)per 7 days until it reached the minimum effective dose.Generally,the maintenance dose was about 20-40 mg/(kg·d).The follow-up duration was 6 - 12 months.Results 83 cases were eventually included and 5 cases withdrew.We elvaluated the efficacy every 3 months.The results were as follows:the first stage (1,2,3 months)resulted in a 41.0% of full control rate and a 71.8% of total effective rate;the second stage (4,5,6 months)resulted in a 46.2% of full control rate and a 76.9% of total effective rate;the third stage (7,8,9 months)resulted in a 59.0%of full control rate and a 79.5% of total effective rate.There were no significant differences in the efficacy of the three stages.54 cases with partial seizures resulted in a 59.3% of full control rate and a 79.6% of total effective
rate;24 cases with generalized seizure resulted in a 45.8% of full control rate and a 62.5% of total effective rate. There was no statistical significant difference in the efficacy of the two seizure types.43 cases with monotherapy resulted in a 58% of full control rate and a 79% of total effective rate,35 cases with add-on therapy resulted in a 40.0% of full control rate and a 57.1% of total effective rate.24 cases with < 2 resulted in a 41.7% of full control rate and a 62.5% of total effective rate,54 cases with 2-6 resulted in a 59.3% of full control rate and a 83.3% of total effective rate.14 cases of children were reported to have at least one adverse drug reactions,the specific symptoms included emotional instability unstable, hypohidrosis, somnolence, dizzness, headache, vomiting, urorrhea,lack of appetite,aggressive behavior and hypomnesia.Adverse reactions were mild and most of them could subside over time.Conclusion OXC oral suspension has a good efficacy and safety when treating children with partial seizures or generalized tonic-clonic seizures of epilepsy.

Objective To investigate the role of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) in the spinal cord expression in a rat model of tibia bone cancer pain.Methods Eighty-four female SD rats weighing 160-180 g were randomly divided into 3 groups ( n =28):control group (group C),sham operation group (group S) and tibia bone cancer pain group (group P).Tibia bone cancer pain was induced by intra-tibial inoculation of Walker-256 breast cancer cells.Paw withdral threshold to mechanical stimulation (MWT) was measured with von Frey filaments at 1 d before and at 1,3,7,10,14 and 21 d after inoculation.Six rats in each group were sacrificed after the measurement of MWT at 1 d before inoculation and at 7,14 and 21 d after inoculation.Lumbar 4-6 segments of the spinal cord were removed for determination of the expression of CCL2 by ELISA.The coexpression of CCL2 with Iba-1 (a specific marker of microglia),GFAP(a specific marker of astrocyte) and NeuN (a specific marker of neuron) was determined by double immunofluorescence assay after the measurement of MWT at 14 d after inoculation in group P.Results Compared with groups C and S,MWT was significantly decreased from 7 d to 21 d after inoculation,the expressive of CCI-2 in the spinal cord up-regulated at 7,14 and 21 d after inoculation in group P ( P ＜ 0.05).CCL2 was expressed in the microglia and astrocyte but not in neuron in the spinal cord dorsal horn in a rat model of tibia bone cancer pain.Conclusion Release of CCL2 from microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord was involved in mechanical hyperalgesia in a rat model of tibia bone cancer pain.

AIM: To estimate the pooled prevalence of myopia among primary school students in mainland China during 1980- 2013. Myopia had become a growing public health issue, with high prevalence rates in mainland China, particularly among children. However, we still had no population-based nationwide studies of the prevalence of myopia among primary school students in recent years. METHODS: Wanfang, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and PubMed databases were searched independently until Dec. 31, 2013 to identify relevant articles. Data from the eligible articles were extracted by two reviewers. All of the data analyses were conducted using Meta-Analyst software (version 3. 13, USA).
RESULTS: Thirty - seven eligible studies published between 1980 and 2013 were selected with a total of 245248 individuals. The pooled prevalence of myopia among the included individuals was 26. 5% (95% CI: 21. 8% -31. 7%). The prevalence of myopia increased with age (from 8. 4%at 6-8y to 57. 4% at 12-14y).
CONCLUSION: The pooled prevalence of myopia among primary school students in mainland China was much higher than that of western countries or regions. The prevalence of myopia increased with age among primary school students. This study should be valuable for myopia prevention and treatment in mainland China.

Objective To examine the effects of acute hypobaric hypoxia on abilities of learning and memory,the water content in brain,the level of nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) in hippocampus of mice.Methods The acute hypobaric hypoxia environment were made by putting the mice in a hypobaric chamber simulated at altitude of 6 000 meters for 8 hours.The capabilities of learning and memory of mice were detected by Morris water maze test.The content of water in hippocampus were examined by measuring the ratio of dry/wet weight,and the level of NO and ET-1 in brain was detected by colorimetric method.Results Morris water maze test showed that the mean escape latency of mice in the hypobaric hypoxia group were longer than that in the normobaric normoxia group((44.60±7.80) s vs (26.39±8.44)s,P＜0.01),and the target quadrant residence time were decreased((19.78±2.74) s vs (22.98±6.14)s,P＜ 0.05).Compared with the normobaric normoxia group (NO:(2.37 ± 1.07) μmol/gProt,ET-1:(38.87 ± 6.17) ng/L),the water content in brain of mice in the hypobaric hypoxia group was increased (P＜ 0.05),meanwhile,both the level of NO ((4.48 ± 1.45) μmol/gProt) and ET-1 ((52.09±6.75)ng/L) in brain were increased too(P＜0.01).Conclusion Hypobaric hypoxia can decrease the abilities of learning and memory of mice,and these changes might be related with the increased water content and the increased level of NO and ET-1 in hippocampus of mice.

Identifying the goals of outstanding doctor tralning and orienting medical students' competency, we conducted rational integration and construction of curriculum system for graduate students of clinical medicine and implemented 5 modes of module teaching including professional course, foreign language course, practical skill course, scientific research course and comprehensive ability course . According to the different characters of courses and professional development , we adopted multi-dimensional teaching methods and input the quality education throughout the whole teaching process. These efforts promoted the reform of graduate course evaluation system and provided effective security for improving teaching contents, teaching methods, teaching means and evaluating methods.

Adult ; Foot Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Melorheostosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Radiography ; X-Rays