The incidence trend of different kinds of ocular diseases is different among areas and races.Study on the epidemiology survey of ocular diseases is meaningful for prevention,etiology,diagnosis and treatment of diseases,and also can provide the theoretical basis for the administration to establish preventive policies.This review summarized the results of the epidemiology survey of ocular diseases from different countries in recent years.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive and painless assessment and therapeutic technique applied in neurology, which plays an important role in diagnosis, evaluation, detection and treatment of children with brain function disorder. This paper reviewed the basic principle, safety, problems of TMS, and the basic and clinical studies of TMS for the children with brain function disorder.

Objective To investigate the changes and clinical signficance of nitric oxide(NO) and endothelin(ET) in children with lymphoma.Methods NO and ET of 39 cases with lymphoma and 33 normal controls were examined by using nitrose reductase method and RIA method.Results Compered to normal controls,NO and ET were higher in children with lymphoma;smilar to normal controls in complete remission(CR) and partial remission(PR);relapse cases were higher than remission.Conclusions NO and ET could have relation to lymphoma in children,testing the changes of NO and ET have signficanc to the assistant diagnosis,observeing effect and judging prognosis.

ObjectiveTo investigate the inhibitory effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-?(PPAR?) agonist on mesangial cell(MC) proliferation and extracellular matrix expression induced by angiotensin Ⅱ(Ang Ⅱ).MethodsThe incorporation of 3H-thymidine(3H-TdR) and cell count were used as the measurement of MC proliferation.MC cell-cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry.Mouse primary MC was treated with various concentration of Ang Ⅱ(1,10,100 nmol/L) in the presence or Absence of N-acytosistin(NAC) or rosiglitazone.Transforming growth factor-?1(TGF-?1),plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1),and fibronectin(FN) mRNA expression were determined by real time-PCR.Reactive oxygen species(ROS) production was measured by 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate(DCFDA) fluorescence.Results1.One hundred nmol/L Ang Ⅱ increased 3H-TdR incorporation and cell number by 2.14 and 2.32 fold,respectively.Ang Ⅱ-induced MC proliferation was inhibited by PPAR? agonist rosiglitazone with dose-dependent manner in mouse MC.2.One hundred nmol/L Ang Ⅱ stimulation for 24 h induced 48% MC processed to S and G2/M phase.Rosiglitazone significantly blocked Ang Ⅱ increased cell number in S and G2/M phase.3.Rosiglitazone reduced Ang Ⅱ-induced TGF-?1,PAI-1,and FN mRNA expression with dose-dependent manner.4.One hundred nmol/L Ang Ⅱ stimulation for 60 min increased ROS production by 3.85 folds.Rosiglitazone significantly inhibited Ang Ⅱ-induced ROS production.Ten ?mol/L rosiglitazone almost completely blocked Ang Ⅱ-induced ROS production.ConclusionPPAR? agonist rosiglitazone could block Ang Ⅱ-induced MC proliferation and extracellular matrix expression via inhibition of ROS production.

Acute Coronary Syndrome ; metabolism ; pathology ; physiopathology ; Cholesterol ; metabolism ; Erythrocyte Membrane ; metabolism ; Humans

BackgroundThere are a lot of studies about the wound healing charateristics of cornea after SBK with femtosecond laser.In our study,mechanical microkeratome was preferred for corneal flap.We observed the proliferation of keratocytes by investigating the myofibroblast ( MF) activity.Objective The study was to compare the morphologic and histological changes in the cornea after sub-Bowmans keratomileusis ( SBK) with photorefractive keratectomy ( PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis ( LASIK)by investigating the express of transforming growth factor-β( TGF-β)and α-smooth muscle actin( α-SMA)and to investigate the wound healing characteristiCs of cornea after SBK.MethodsTwenty-seven adult New Zealand white rabbits were randomly assigned into group A,B and C.SBK waa performed on the right eyes of each rabbit in group A,LASIK for group B and PRK for group C.All the left eyes were used as the normal control group.Histological examinations by light microscopy were performed on day 7,1 months,3 months after surgery.The expression of α-SMA and TGF-β and the number of activated MF were assessed by immunohistochemiatry.ResultsIn SBK group,corneal epithelium cells proliferation around the wound was seen and the numbers of active fibroblasts were increased after surgery.The expression of α-SMA or TGF-β around the corneal flap and the corneal 8troma started at day 7 postoperatively and peaked at 1 months and decreaaed around the corneal flap and the corneal 8troma started at day 7 postoperatively and peaked at 1 months and decreaaed t3mnh.TFβep( SBK:t=2.226,2.158,2.330,P＜0.05;PRK:t=4.745,6.524,6.293,P＜O.05).The numbersof activ( SBK:t=2.226,2.158,2.330,P＜O.05;PRK:t=4.745,6.524,6.293,P＜0.05).The numbersof activatedMFs were different fromLASIKstatisticallytoobetweenSBKgroupandPRKgroup ( SBK:t =4.439.5.692,4.175,P＜0.05 ; PRK:t=6.330,6.723,5.267,P＜0.05 ).Theα-SMAand TCF-βexpressionsin SBKgroupwerelessthan PRK group but more thanLASIKgroup( TCF-β:t =4.691,5.527,t =4.399,P＜0.05 ; α-SMA:t =9.637.10.282,8.197,P＜0.05).The numhers of MFs in SBK group was less than PRK group before 3 months and were same at 3 months ( t =5.188,4.529,P＜0.05 ).Conclusions ComparedwithconventionalLASIK,SBKcanup-regulatethe expression of α-SMA.TGF-β,activated MFs in the corneal flap.which enhance corneal biomechanics and promote healing.However,most of the disadvantages caused by wound healing in SBK still remain compared to PRK.

? AlM: To examine choroidal thickness and its relationship with axial length and spherical equivalent by spectral domain optical coherence tomography ( SD -OCT ) in patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization ( mCNV) .
?METHODS: We prospectively recruited 30 cases of mCNV in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from October 2010 to December 2014. SD-OCT was used to measure choroidal thickness subfoveally and at 1. 5mm superiorly, inferiorly, nasally and temporally ( SFCT, SCT1. 5mm , lCT1. 5mm , NCT1. 5mm , TCT1. 5mm ) . Paired t- test was conducted to assess the difference of spherical equivalent, axial length and choroidal thickness between mCNV group and controls. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between spherical equivalent, axial length, choroidal thickness and mCNV.
?RESULTS: The difference of spherical equivalent and axial length between mCNV group and controls was not significant (P>0. 05). lnferior was decreased in mCNV group compared with controls (140. 85±33. 46μm vs 168. 95±45. 36μm). The difference was significant (P=0. 008). Logistic regression demonstrated that decreased choroidal thickness ( lCT1. 5mm ) at inferior location was associated with mCNV (OR=2. 12;95%CI 1. 35~3. 28;P=0. 02).
?CONCLUSlON: The decrease of lCT1. 5MM may be one of the risk factors of mCNV.

[Objective] To approach the causes and managements of dislocation after total hip arthroplasty.[Methods]850 total hip arthroplasties were done in our department from 1996 to 2004,in which 7 cases experienced post-operative dislocation.Whith 4 males and 3 females,the average age was 67 years old.Causes and managements have been studied retrospectively through analysis of history,surgical approach,timing and direction of the dislocations and predisposing factors of the dislocations occurred.[Results]There wer 7 cases of dislocations of which 5 patients(71%)were primary cases and 2 patients(29%)were revision cases;4 patients(57%)had history of hip surgery;1 case had mental disorder after cerebral surgery.Direct lateral approach was used for all these patients,and only anterior dislocation was occurred in this group.Through study the AP X-rays postoperatively,the abduction angle were more than 55 degree in 2 of these cases.The time of dislocation was from right after operation to 27 months after operation;5 of them experienced their dislocation within 3 months after operation.Closed reduction and 6 weeks traction were selected for all these patients,and 6 of them were successful.Recurrent dislccation occurred twice in another one patient within 3 months after reduction,and the acetabular cup was loosened during closed reduction.A stable joint was achieved after revision and modifying the abduction angle of the cup.[Conclusion]Causative risk factors for dislocation after total hip arthroplasty include surgery history on the same hip,inability to comply with instructions of rehabilitation,approach of surgery and malposition of the prosthesis.Closed reduction and traction for 6-week afterwards are usually successful for most of the dislocated cases.Revision could be done in the base of analyzing the reasons for recurrent dislocation,and then stale joint could be achieved.

Objective To explore the effects of vitrectomy on neovascular glaucoma combined with vitreous hemorrhage. Methods Seven eyes of 7 patients with neovascular glaucoma combined with vitreous hemorrhage underwent vitrectomy combined with phacoemulsification, panretinal photocoagulation, and trabeculectomy. The preoperative visual acuity ranged from light perception to 0.2, and the mean preoperative intraocular pressure was 54 mm Hg (38-64 mm Hg)(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa). The mean follow-up was 8 months (6-15 months). Results The postoperative visual acuity ranged from light perception to 0.4, and the mean postoperative intraocular pressure was 17 mm Hg (10-30 mm Hg) which was significantly lower than preoperative one ( P

Objective The experiment was designed to observe the effect of inhaled arsenic trioxide(As2O3)and in combination with inhaled moxa leaf oil on eosinophils(EOS)and lung tissue's morphology in asthmatic guinea pigs, and to explore its mechanism of relieving wheezing. Methods The ovalbumin(OVA)-induced asthmatic guinea pig model was established. Sixty guinea pigs were randomly divided into As2O3 atomization inhalation group B1 As2O3 low dose group:2.0 mg/(kg·d), B2 As2O3 high dose group:4.0 mg/(kg·d), combined treatment group C1 low dose group:2.0 mg/(kg·d)+moxa leaf oil 0.05 ml, C2 high dose group: 4.0 mg/(kg·d)+moxa leaf oil 0.10 ml, saline aerosol inhalation group(group A) asthma model group)and normal control group(group D)according to random permutation table method. After 7 days medicated, the EOS in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were compared. Guinea pig lung, heart, liver and kidney pathological specimens were prepared and the change of the lung tissue's inflammation and heart, liver and kidney tissue were investigated. Lung tissue’s electron microscopy specimens were prepared and the apoptosis of acidophilic cells and repair of alveolar epithelial cells were observed. Results Compared with asthma model group's EOS number[(58.08±19.01)×105], the difference in As2O3 low dose group、As2O3 high dose group、combined treatment low dose group、combined treatment high dose group and normal control group[(26.37±1.12)×105, (11.50±1.61)×105, (14.16±4.88)×105, (5.03±1.66)×105 and(0.35±0.16)×105, respectively] were statistically significant(P<0.01); there was statistical difference between As2O3 low dose group and As2O3 high dose group(P<0.01);There was statistical difference between As2O3 low dose group and combined treatment low dose group(P<0.01);There was statistical difference between As2O3 high dose group and combined treatment high dose group(P<0.05). Compared with combined treatment high dose group, difference in As2O3 low dose group、As2O3 high dose group and combined treatment low dose group was statistically significant(P<0.05). The difference in B1, B2, C1, C2 and D group was statistically significant compared with group A (P<0.01). The difference in B1 and B2, B1 and C1 group was statistically significant (P<0.01). The difference between B2 and C2 group was statistically significant(P<0.05). The difference in C2 group was statistically significant compared with group B1, B2 and C1(P<0.05). Conclusion EOS abnormal apoptosis was an important pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. The mechanism of arsenic trioxide anti-asthma was that arsenic trioxide could reduce acidophil infiltration and promote acidophilic cell apoptosis. The mechanism of moxa leaf oil anti-asthma was it could reduce acidophil infiltration. Smaller doses of the combination of inhaled As2O3 and moxa leaf oil was safe and effective to achieve the effect of relieving wheezing and the combined use had synergy.