Objective The PRESENT ( Physicians' Routine Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of NovoMix 30 Therapy) study is a multinational clinical experience program to report the efficacy, safety and acceptability of NovoMix 30 (BlAsp 30) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs). Methods A total of 4 754 type 2 diabetes patients inadequately controlled with oral antidiabetic drugs were enrolled in the study. All patients were prescribed BIAsp 30 in accordance with the approved labeling. Data were collected at baseline and at the end of 3 months treatment. Results The mean HbA1c, body mass index (BMI), age, and duration were (9.09±1.70)%, (24.30±2.68)kg/m2, (54.63±10.94)years, and (5.46 ±4.17) years separately. The mean daily dose was (0.43±0.14) U/kg at treatment initiation and (0.48±0.15) U/kg after 3 months treatment. After 3 months, the mean HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) were significantly reduced from baseline levels. The mean HbA1c decreased by (2.04± 1.57)%, FPG by a (3.51±2.55)retool/L, and PPG by a (6.51±4.02) mmol/L (all P<0.01). A significant proportion (49.4%) of the patients achieved target HbA1c of ≤7%. The overall rate of hypoglycaemic episodes (events/patient-yr) decreased from 10. 098 at baseline to 3. 810 at study end. The rate of major hypoglycaemia decreased from 0. 787 to 0.126, and the rate of nocturnal hypoglycaemia decreased from 2.356 to 0.547. Compared with previous treatment, more than 99% of the patients and physicians were "satisfied" or "very satisfied" with BIAsp 30 treatment. Conclusions BIAsp 30 was found to be safe and effective to improve the glycaemia control of type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with OADs in routine clinical practice.

Objective:To investigate the effect of free fatty acid on leptin receptor in rats.Methods:High plasma free fatty acid rat model was created by intravenous injection of free fatty acid. Western blot was used to assess the protein level of leptin-receptor in rat liver, muscle and pancreas tissues. The RNA expression level of leptin-receptor was examined by RT-PCR .The tyrosine phosphorylation of leptin-receptor was examined by immuno-precipitation. Results:The protein and RNA levels of leptin-receptor in liver,muscle and pancreas tissues of high plasma free fatty acid rats were similar to those of normal group(P>0.05).But the tyrosine phosphorylation of leptin-receptor significantly downregulated in liver and muscle tissues as compared with control group(P<0.05). Conclusions:High plasma free fatty acid may affect the tyrosine phosphorylation of leptin-receptor in rat liver and muscle.

Objective To observe the changes in OLETF kideys at different stage and the beneficial influences by modulating serum lipids. Methods OLETF rats aged 8 wks were randomly divided into treated group and untreated group,and LETO rats served as normal control.Fenofibrate 20 mg/kg was given daily to the treated group.OGTT was performed at the age of 8,16 and 24 wks.Blood glucose,serum lipids and 24 h urine albumin excretion(UA) were investigated.The rats were killed at 16 and 24 wks of age,and the kidney sections were stained with PAS.Transforming growth factor-?_1(TGF?_1),vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and fibronectin(FN) were investigated by immunohistochemistry assay.The electron microscope(EM) sections were made to measure GBM width and to observe the mesangial matrix.Results(1) Blood glucose had no significant difference between untreated and treated groups at 16 and 24 wks of age;(2) Fenofibrate decreased serum TG, increased HDL-C markedly but had no influence on LDL-C;(3) As aging,24hrs UA increased in untreated group,and reduced significantly in fenofibrate group at 24 wks of age;(4) TGF-?_1,VEGF and FN expressions were all higher in untreated group than in treated group at 24 wks of age.(5) EM revealed GBM obviously thickened and mesangial matrix widened in untreated group.Fenofibrate attenuated the kidney lesion greatly in EM picture.Conclusions (1) Dyslipidemia occurs prior to glucose metabolism abnormity in OLETF rats;(2) As aging,dyslipidemia progresses accompanying markedly the increased UA,enlarged glomeruli,thickened GBM and widened masangial matrix;(3) Modulating lipids early couldn′t improve glucose metabolism,but corrects dyslipidemia and reveals beneficial influence on kidneys;(4) The possible mechanism is that modulating lipids decreases TGF-?_1 and VEGF expressions.

Objective The effects of free fatty acid on leptin receptor in rat islet cells were investigated. Methods Islet cells of newborn sprague Dawley rats were incubated with palmitate acid (0 25mmol/L) or oleic acid (0 125mmol/L) for 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours respectively. Western blotting was used to assess the protein content of leptin receptor in rat islet cells. The RNA expression level of leptin receptor was assayed by RT PCR. Tyrosine phospholation of leptin receptor was determined by method of immuno precipitation. Results The protein content of leptin receptor in rat islet cells was significantly decreased after being incubated with free fatty acids for 24 and 36 hours compared with the control ( P

Objective To describe the disease's spectrum of fever patients,especially to analyze the epidemic characterization of infectious diseases,to offer the proof for fever department in screening of infectious diseases.Methods A total of 15081 patients were analyed for patients presenting to the Infectious Diseases Department,People's Hospital,Peking University,between June 2005 to May 2006.A retrospective study was used to analyze the disease's spectrum and epidemic characterization.Results Among the disease's spectrum of fever patients,the first leading cause was respiratory diseases(78.22%),followed by infection with the special patients(10.50%)、acute gastroenteritis(3.57%)、the infection at other site with etiological factor determined(2.82%)、infectious diseases(2.30%)、urinary system infection(2.06%) and fever of unknown origin(0.53%),respectively;Among the spectrum of infectious diseases,the first leading cause was infectious diarrheal disease(29.97%),followed by measles(24.78%)、lung tuberculosis(11.24%).Conclusion The spectrum of fever is complex.To obtain the epidemic characterization of infectious diseases,it's helpful to the fever department to screen and prevent the infectious diseases.

From the beginning of 1980 to the end of 1992, 125 patients with Cushing disease were undergone transsphenoidal microsurgery. 41 patients were operated by selective adenoma resection and 62 patients by radical surgery. 103 cases were available to be analyzed. The results of a long-term follow-up showed: (1) The cure rates were 63. 1% and 48.1% with positive and negative pathological study, respectively. (2) The cure rates were 72.6% and 41. 5% with radical and selective surgery respectively. In cured patients the plasma cortisol level dropped to normal or subnormal within 48 hours after the surgery. However, in uncured patients, it was still above the normal. After operation, 1. 6% of cases (1/60) had secondary hypothyroidism and 62.5 % of cases (30/48) who had abnormal menstruation preoperatively restored normal menstrual cycle. The recurrent rate was 11.4%. Conclusion: (1) The outcome of radical surgery is better than the selective adenoma resection; (2) The pathological study and the analysis of the plasma cortisol level within 48 hours after the surgery may have predictive value for efficacy of the surgery.

Objective To observe whether leptin protects rat islet ?-cells from lipotoxicity induced by free Taity acid ( FFA). Methods Pancreatic islets were isolated from Wistar rats. Isolated islets were divided into 4 groups; ( 1 ) Control group; (2) Leptin group (murine recombinanl leptin 100?g/L) ; (3) FFA group [0. 25 mmol/L long chain fatty acid (oleate: palmitate =2: 1 ) ] ; (4) FFA + Leptin group (both leptin and FFA were added to the culture medium). Alter being cultured lor 72 hours, triglyceride ( TG) content in islets, insulin secreted under basal and glucose stimulated conditions, and the mRNA expression of fatty acid oxidase-carnitine palmityl transferase- 1 ( CFT- I ) , fatty acid synthetase-acyl-CoA carboxylase ( ACC) , peroxisome proliferator activated receptors ( PPAR)a and PPARr in islets were examined. Results ( 1 ) TC content in islets was elevated in FFA group as compared with control group ( P

OBJECTIVE:To offer guidance for pharmacy work and provide references for rational use of traditional Chinese medicines. METHODS: 3 425 outpatient prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicines in our hospital in 2006 were randomly collected for the analysis of the drug use pattern by tabulation method. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: The use of traditional Chinese medicines prescribed in our hospital was rational on the whole, but the prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicines for diseases of respiratory system were on the high side, and the diagnoses in the prescriptions were more like the diagnoses of west medicines but lacked the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, so that the international classification coding of disease was not suitable for traditional Chinese medicine. Medication frequency of traditional Chinese medicines serves as guidance for the dispensary of traditional Chinese medicine. The hospital information system is far from perfect.

Objective To evaluate the current state of glycemie control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have received oral antidiabetic agents in the out-patient clinic,and the efficacy and safety of optimized regiments of gliclazide modified-release tablets (Diamicron MR, SERVIER, Tianjin) in patients with failed glycemic control (HbA1c 6.5%). Methods The patients with type 2 diabetes were enrolled from 54 hospitals in more than 20 cities and received long-term (more than 3 months) oral antidiabetic agents. HbA1c was measured and the success rate of HbA1c reduction was evaluated. The patients who failed to achieve glycemic control (HbA1c 6. 5%) and received daily multiple-dosing insulin secretagogues were provided with the optimized treatment regimen, consisting of replacing daily multiple-dosing insulin secretagogues with single-dosing gliclazide sustained-release tablets. Clinical efficacy and safety were evaluated after three months treatment. Results The survey of glycemic control revealed that the mean HbA1c of 5 586 patients with diabetes mellitus was (7.97±2.89)% ,and the success rate (HbA1c≤6.5%) was 14. 1%. Further more, HbA1c decreased from (8.23±4.00)% before optimization to (6.86±2.24)% after optimization with the average decrement of 1.37% (P<0. 001) and the success rate was raised to 34. 1%. The gliclazide modified-release tablets were well tolerated by most patients, only 2.6% of whom were reported to experience unconfirmed hypoglycemia. Conclusion The success rate of glycemic control was low in Chinese out-patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving oral antidiabetic agents in the clinic. The optimized regimen of gliclazide modified-release tablets taken once daily can down-regulate glycemic levels and increase the success rate of HbA1c reduction,and thus plays efficiently and safely a key role in the optimized management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Pregnant women with subacute thyroiditis (SAT) are rare.One case was reported and the clinical features and management principles of SAT during pregnancy were reviewed.In pregnant women with SAT,the illness is usually not serious.If subclinical or clinical hypothyroidism develops,L-T4 must be given and thyroid function be monitored routinely,and the medication be adjusted carefully to ensure the maternal-fetal safety.