OBJECTIVE To study the classification and distribution of the ?-lactamases produced by Escherichia coli in diabetic patients.METHODS To detect the ?-lactamases produced by E.coli in diabetic patients with a multi-disk synergy test.RESULTS Forty-nine strains of 60 strains in our study produced the ?-lactamases with total positive rate of 81.67%,From them 5 strains were producing penicillinases,17 strains producing BSBLs(28.33%),and 27 strains were producing ESBLs(45.00%),no carbapenem-hydrolyzing ?-lactamases were detected.In 27 strains producing ESBLs,the sensitivities to the ceftazidime,aztreonam and cefotaxime were similar.CONCLUSIONS The types of ?-lactamases produced by E.coli in diabetic patients are mainly BSBLs and ESBLs,without carbapenem-hydrolyzing ?-lactamases;the sensitivities to the ceftazidime,aztreonam and cefotaxime are similar.

According to the cultivation objectives of the plant-productive specialities, the teaching contents and methods, testing forms and experimental teaching of the course of General Microbiology have been re-formed. The reformation includes integrating, retrenching and updating the teaching contents, strengthening the fundamental knowledge, improving the classroom teaching methods and communicating in and after class in order to arouse the student’s interest and greatly spurs student’s initiative. The testing forms were also reformed to comprehensively evaluate the student’s ability of mastering and managing the knowledge. Through the reinforcement of the basic technical and scientific research training in the experiments, good teaching results have been achieved.

To study ecology suitability rank dividing of the total alkaloid content of Coptis Rhizoma for selecting artificial planting base and high-quality industrial raw material in Chongqing province. Based on the investigation of PCB and DEM data of Chongqing province, the relationship between the total alkaloid content in Coptis Rhizoma and topographical conditions was analyzed by statistical analysis. The geographic information systems (GIS)-based assessment and landscape ecological principles were applied to assess eco logy suitability areas of Coptis Rhizoma in Chongqing. slope, aspect and altitude are main topographical factors that affect the content of the total alkaloid content in Coptis Rhizoma The total alkaloid content in Coptis Rhizoma is higher in the lower altitude, shady slope and bigger slope areas. The total alkaloid content is higher in the south areas of Chongqing province and lower in the northeast. Terrain conditions of the southern region of Chongqing are most suitable for The accumulated of total alkaloid Coptis Rhizoma content.
Alkaloids ; analysis ; metabolism ; China ; Coptis ; chemistry ; Ecology ; Environment ; Geographic Information Systems ; Geography ; Plants, Medicinal ; Rhizome ; chemistry

Objective To systemically review the efficacy and safety of low dose spironolatone combined with angiotensin convertig enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin Ⅱ receptor blockers (ARB) on diabetic nephropathy.Methods PubMed,the Cochrane library (Issue 4,2014),CBM,CNKI,VIP and WanFang Data were searched from inception to July 2014 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning ACEI or ARB combined with low-dose spironolatone in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.Two reviewers screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria,extracted data,and assessed the methodological quality of included studies.Then Meta analysis was performed using RevMan 5.2 software.Results A total of 19 RCTs involving 1313 patients were included in this study.The results of Meta-analysis showed that compared with ACEI or ARB treatment alone,ACEI or ARB combined with low-dose spironolatone had lower urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) [mean difference (MD) =21.03,95％ CI:18.51-23.56,P＜ 0.01] and proteinuria (MD=171.29,95％ CI:81.96-260.62,P＜0.01),and had no influence on plasma albumin (Alb) (MD=-0.25,95％ CI:-0.66-0.17,P＞0.05),meanwhile had lower serum creatinine (Scr) (MD=2.63,95％CI:0.92-4.34,P＜0.05),but had higher concentration of blood potassium (MD=-0.26,95％ CI:-0.37-0.14,P＜0.01).Conclusions ACEI or ARB combined with low-dose spironolactone can significantly reduce the urinary albumin level and delay the deterioration of renal function.Blood potassium concentrations in most patients are within the normal range,although it is increased after the treatment of ACEI or ARB combined with low-dose spironolactone.

The isolated 24 strains-producing hydantoinase & carbamoylase were first identified by Biolog microbial identification system and 16S rDNA sequence analysis.The results suggested that the hydantoinase & carbamoyalse-producing bacteria belonged to Bacillus,Geobacillus,Brevibacillus,Aneurinibacillus,Microbacterium,Pseudomonas,Kurthia and Empedobacter,and so on.Especially,Kurthia and Empedobacter were new hydantoinase & carbamoylase-producing genera.Furthuremore,it was found that D-hydatoinase & carbamoyalse-producing bacteria belonged to Pseudomonas and Agrobacterium,while most of L-hydantoinase & carbamoyalse-producing bacterial belonged to Bacillus,Geobacillus and Microbacterium.The distribution feature of D-hydantoinase & carbamoyalse-producing bacteria and L-hydantoinase & carbamoyalse-producing bacteria showed some genera tendency.This research work will provide the biomaterial of different hydantoinase and carbamoylase and contribute to study the structure and function,molecular evolution of the two enzymes.

Lysins are efficient bacteria cell wall digesting enzymes encoded by DNA bacteriophage. Gram-positive bacteriophage lysins feature similar domain structure, high lytic efficiency, synergic antibacterial effect with antibiotics, rare neutralization by antibodies, less chance of developing drug-resistant strains, et al. The past decade has seen a considerable amount of research worldwidely focused on lysin, and lysins have been used successfully in a variety of animal models to control pathogenic antibiotic resistant bacteria found on mucosal surfaces and infected tissues. The great potential of lysins as an anti-infective agent prompted this review.

Objective To investigate question comprehension and production among agrammatic aphasics, and to explore the mechanisms of any dysfunction in questioning.Methods Twenty aphasics were recruited in this study.According to the Chinese Agrammatism Battery,10 were classified as agrammatic (the agrammatic group) and 10 as non-agrammatic (the non-agrammatic group).Ten normal subjects served as a control group.All the subjects were tested in terms of their comprehension and production of questions using a set of general and what-where-who- why questions (wh-questions).Results No significant difference was found between the two experimental groups with regard to the correct comprehension and production of both general and wh-questions.However,there was a sig- nificant difference in correctness between comprehension and production.The performance of the agrammatic aphasics was worse than that of the non-agramatics and the normal subjects.Conclusion The impaired question comprehen- sion and production of Chinese agrammatic aphasics has its own characteristies which can form a basis for rehabilita- tion planning and outcome prediction.

For systematic scientific management,based on information and,it is the trend to develop a information system that is based on internet technology and dynamic management concept.The system is project-centered,integrating the procedures of application,review,approval,mid-term review,summarization,and assessment.According to the preliminary operation of the system,it is proved effective with anthropic factors much lowered,and the coherence and continuity of the projects and ther reproducibility of data are much guaranteed.

Aim: To study pharmacokinetics of aconitine,mesaconitine and hypaconitine in rats after single oral administration of decoctions composed with Radix Aconiti Lateralis.Methods: Four groups of rats were orally administered four decoctions including decoction a(Sini decoction),decoction b(decoction composed with Radix Aconiti Lateralis),decoction c(decoction composed with Radix Aconiti Laterali and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata Cum Melle)and decoction d(decoction composed with Radix Aconiti Laterali and Rhizoma Zingiberis),respectively.Quantitative analysis of aconitine,mesaconitine and hypaconitine in rat plasma was achieved using a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry method.Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using DAS 2.0.Results: Pharmacokinetic parameters of aconitine,mesaconitine and hypaconitine were different after oral administration of four decoctions according to Radix Aconiti Laterali combined with different herbal medicines.Multiple peaks were observed in plasma concentration-time curve after oral administration of the decoction of herb couple Radix Aconiti Laterali and Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata Cum Melle,and the results showed a delay in tmax and a prolonger in MRT0-t compared with the decoction of Radix Aconiti Latera-lis.When Radix Aconiti Lateralis was combined with Radix et Rhizoma Glycyrrhizae Praeparata Cum Melle and Rhizoma Zingiberis at the same time in Sini decoction,tmax was delayed too but MRT0-t,was shorten than that of the group of Radix Aconiti Lateralis.Conclusion: The pharmacokinetic parameters of the three compounds obtained in this work shows that the pharmacokinetics of aconitine,mesaconitine and hypaconitine were influenced diversely when Radix Aconiti Laterali was combined with different herbal medicines.

Objective To investigate the effects of cold exposure with different time courses on cardiovascular function and skeletal muscle contraction in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats.Methods The male SD rats were randomly divided into control,12-h cold,24-h cold,and 48-h cold groups.The rats in all cold group were maintained in 4 ℃ environment for indicated time and allowed free access to standard rat chow and water ad libitum.After the animal model was established,the heart,thoracic aorta,soleus,and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were rapidly isolated from rats under anesthesia and then fixed into the respective organ perfusion system that was connected to physiological recorders and data acquisition system.Lanendorff heart persusion was used to detect some parameters of cardiac function,such as coronary flow (CF),mean left ventricular systolic pressure (mLVSP),mean left ventricular diastolic pressure (mLVDP) and maximum ascending and declining rate of left ventricular pressure (± dp/dt max) ; and then the heart was suffered from 30 min ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion,the changes of above cardiac function indexes were recorded again.Organ bath method was employed to detect contraction response to potassium chloride (KCl) or phenylephrine (PE) and endothelium-dependent relation responses to acetylcholine (ACh) of aortic rings.The twitch tension,titanic tension,and fatigue test of soleus and EDL were examined by electrical stimulation to reflect contractive function of skeletal muscle.Results The coronary flow (CF) were significantly reduced in 24-h and 48-h cold groups compared to control group [(9.0 ± 1.7) ml/g and (9.8 ± 1.3) ml/g vs (11.6 ± 1.2) ml/g,P ＜ 0.05] ; 48-h cold exposure also showed significantly increased mLVSP (P ＜0.01) and mLVP (P ＜ 0.05) of rats.After ischemia-reperfusion,the heart re-beat time was shorter in all cold exposure groups (all P ＜ 0.01),mLVP and mLVDP were higher in 24-h and 48-h cold group than control group (all P ＜ 0.01).The contraction of aortic rings responses to 60 mmol/L KCl [(0.63 ±0.13) g and (0.79 ±0.11)g vs (1.28±0.17)g,P ＜0.01] and 1 μmol/L PE [(0.62 ±0.18)g and (0.68 ±0.13)g vs (1.25 ± 0.18)g,P ＜ 0.01] were decreased while the endothelium-dependent relaxation responses to low concentration ACh (3 × 10-8 ～ 3 × 10-7) were increased in 24-h and 48-h cold groups relative to control group (all P ＜ 0.05).The 48-h cold also reduced titanic tension of SOL and EDL in comparison with control [(4.14 ± 0.62) N/cm2 vs (5.50 ± 0.75) N/cm2,P ＜ 0.05 and (3.00 ± 0.57) N/ cm2 vs (4.70 ± 0.85) N/cm2,P ＜ 0.01].Conclusions 24 ～ 48 h cold exposure could reduce CF but enhance the tolerance of heart from rats to ischemia reperfusion injury and also decrease the contraction of aortic rings response to KCl or PE but increase the sensitive responses to ACh of aortic rings from rats.The 48-h cold could decrease the contraction of skeletal muscle elicited by electrical stimulation.