Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a main type of syndrome from mild cognitive impairment to dementia,which is caused by cerebrovascular risk factors (eg,hypertension, diabetes,hyperlipemia),obvious (cerebral infarction and hemorrhage) or unobvious cerebrovascular disease (leukoaraiosis and chronic cerebral ischemia).Its incidence is increasing,however,its pathogenesis remains uncertain,and effective therapeutic tools are lacking.Therefore,an increasing attention is being paid to all aspects of studies.This article mainly reviews the recent development in research of neuropsychology,imaging,electrophysiology,biology,and gene.

Objective To study the risk factors of nosocomial infections in patients with cerebrovascular disease and prevent and cure them.Methods A retrospective survey on the hospital infeation in patients with cerebrovascular disease in our hospital during March 2003 to March 2005 was couducted.Results The result showed that 61 of the 360 patients had hospital infection,the rate of infection was 16.94%,and the hospital average infection rate in all was 3.92%,hospital infection aging,treatment days in hospital,consciousness invasive operation Hospital infection was a retated.The main infection sites were at respirate tract,the most common bacteria were Gram-Negative bacilli.Conclusions There is higher hospital infection rate among,the acute cerebrvascular patients.Age,the critical patients,invading operations are prmincipal factors.We should prevent it in time.

Objective To investigate the brain protective effects of isoflurane preconditioning for local cerebral is-chemia adult rat model by detecting HIF-1α, HO-1 and Bcl-2 expression level. Methods 84 two-month old Spra-gue-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into sham group, ischemia-reperfusion group ( MCAO group) and isoflurance preconditioning group (ISO group). ISO group was exposed to isoflurane for 30 min and then underwent a 90 min middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO), while MCAO group underwent MCAO only. At 24 h after reperfusion all the groups were investigated by modified neurological severity score for neurological deficits, TTC staining for infarct percentage. Cerebral cortices were harvested for HIF-1α, HO-1 and Bcl-2 protein expression level detection at 6 h, 24 h and 72 h after reperfusion using RT-PCR and western blot. Results The mNSS score and infarct percentage in ISO group decreased significantly compared with those of MCAO group at 24 h after reper-fusion(P < 0. 05). Compared with the MCAO group, ISO group had significantly up-regulated protein levels of HIF-1α, HO-1 and Bcl-2 at 6 h and 24 h after reperfusion(P < 0. 05). There was no difference between ISO group and MCAO group for 3 gene expression at 72 h(P > 0. 05). Conclusion Isoflurane preconditioning plays short-term cerebral protective effect through the up regulation of HIF-1α, HO-1 and Bcl-2 gene expression.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Dilatation, Pathologic ; therapy ; Female ; Halitosis ; therapy ; Humans ; Middle Aged

AIM:Scopolamine blocks cholinergic transmission and impairs learning and memory in mice．The purpose of this study was to evaluate the memory-improving properties of curcumin on scopolamine-induced memory im-pairment in mice．METHODS：The mice of memory impairment were induced by scopolamine．Step down test and Morris water maze test were used to observe the earning and memory ability in curcumin-treated ice．Biochemical assessments of AChE，MDA，and GSH-Px levels in brains were performed．RESULTS：Oral administration of curcumin ignificantly reduced the numbers of step-down rrors(P<0．05)and prolonged the step-down latency induced by scopolamine(P<0．05)．The escape latency time in mice treated with curcumin Was remarkably educed compared to that in scopolamine group by Morris water maze test(P<0．05)．After the platform was removed，the total time that the mice swam in the tar-get quadrant Was also longer in curcumin group than that in model group(P<0．05)．The data also indicated that curcumin significantly inhibited AChE ctivity(P<0．01)and prevented oxidative stress characterized by the significant reduction in MDA content and the significant increase in GSH-Px activities in the brain(P<0．01)．CONCLUSl0N：Curcumin in-duces cognitive improvement by enhancing the function of cholinergic system and its antioxidant activity．

OBJECTIVETo determine the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase--protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway in the pro- tective effect of aerobic endurance training on the skeletal muscular mitochondria.

METHODSThirty-six rats were randomly divided into three groups( n = 12): control group, aerobic endurance training group and one-time exhaustive group. After the intervention, the quadriceps femoris muscle sample was obtained to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential( MMP), the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cy- tochrome coxidase (COX), and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential, the activities of succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome coxidase, and the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt were all significantly decreased in the one-time exhaustive group (P < 0.05). However, all the above was partially reversed in the endurance training group (P < 0.05), and there was no obvious difference with the control group (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONAerobic endurance training plays an important role in the protective effect on the skeletal muscular mitochondria, the mechanism may be related to activation PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.

Animals ; Electron Transport Complex IV ; metabolism ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial ; Mitochondria ; physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal ; physiology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; metabolism ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Succinate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of bioactive glass (BG) on the dentin bond strength and the microleakage of hybrid layer. METHODS: In the study, 30 dentin planes were prepared from the third molars with no caries and equally assigned to the control group, BG group, and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP)-polyacrylic acid (PAA)-BG group (S-P-BG group), randomly. After etched with 35% phosphoric acid, the dentin planes of BG group were pretreated with 0.5 g/L BG, and the dentin planes of S-P-BG group were pretreated with 5% STMP, 5% PAA and 0.5 g/L BG. No additional pretreatment was done to the dentin planes of control group. Then the dentin planes were bonded using 3M Single Bond 2 adhesive to 3M Z350XT composite resin, and cut into 0.9 mm×0.9 mm column samples, which were stored at 37 ℃ artificial saliva (AS). After 24 hours, 1 month, and 3 months, the microtensile bond strength test was performed. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD method. The morphology of the bond fracture interface was observed with scanning electron microscope. Other 27 teeth were collected and the enamel layer and roots cut off, with the pulp chamber exposed. 0.1% rhodamine B was added to the 3M Single Bond 2 adhesive, and then the adhesive was applied to complete the bonding procedures as above. The teeth were stored in 37 ℃ AS for 24 hours, 1 month, 3 months, and then 0.1% sodium fluorescein solution was placed in the chambers and stained for 1 hour. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to observe the interface morphology and microleakage of the hybrid layer. RESULTS: At the end of 24 hours and 1 month, there was no significant difference in the microtensile bond strength among the three groups (P>0.05). After 3 months of soaking, the S-P-BG group [(36.91±7.07) MPa] had significantly higher microtensile bond strength than the control group [(32.73±8.06) MPa] (P=0.026); For the control group and the BG group, the microtensile bond strength significantly decreased at the end of 3 months compared with 24 hours (control group: P=0.017, BG group: P=0.01); The microtensile bond strength of S-P-BG group af the end of 3 months had no significant difference in compared with 24 hours [(37.99±7.98) MPa] (P>0.05). Observation of the fracture surface at the 24 hours showed no obvious mineralization in all the three groups. After 1 and 3 months, mineral formation was observed in BG group and S-P-BG group, and no obvious collagen exposure was observed in S-P-BG group. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed no obvious differences in the morphology and quantity of the resin tag in the control group, BG group and S-P-BG group. At the end of 24 hours, leakage was found in all the three groups. The microleakage of the control group increased at the end of 3 months, while the microleakage of the BG and S-P-BG groups decreased. CONCLUSION BG pretreatment of dentin bonding interface can induce mineralization at the bonding interface and reduce the microleakage of the hybrid layer; pretreating the dentin bonding interface with STMP, PAA and BG may enhance the maintaining of the dentin bonding durability.
Dentin ; Dentin-Bonding Agents ; Glass ; Resin Cements ; Tensile Strength

Objective To evaluate the diagnosis and surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Methods 53 patients with PHPT who were treated in our hospital from 1997 to 2009 were analyzed retrospectively. Results All patients showed hypercalcemia and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). Among them, 43 were diagnosed as parathyroid adenoma, 6 were parathyroid hyperplasia and 4 were parathyroid cancer.The accuracy rate of parathyroid tumor localization was above 94. 3%. All patients presented temporary hypocalcemia after surgery. Conclusions Parathyroidectomy is an effective approach for patients with PHPT. Preoperative localization is essential to the surgery.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be propagated indefinitely, while maintaining the capacity to differentiate into all cell types in the body except for the extra-embryonic tissues. This iPSC technology not only represents a new way to use individual-specific stem cells for regenerative medicine but also constitutes a novel method to obtain large numbers of disease-specific cells for biomedical research. However, the low efficiency of reprogramming and genomic integration of oncogenes and viral vectors limit the potential application of iPSCs. Chemical-induced reprogramming offers a novel approach to generating iPSCs. In this study, a new combination of small-molecule compounds (SMs) (sodium butyrate, A-83-01, CHIR99021, Y-27632) under conditions of transient folate deprivation was used to generate iPSC. It was found that transient folate deprivation combined with SMs was sufficient to permit reprogramming from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in the presence of transcription factors, Oct4 and Klf4, within 25 days, replacing Sox2 and c-Myc, and accelerated the generation of mouse iPSCs. The resulting cell lines resembled mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with respect to proliferation rate, morphology, pluripotency-associated markers and gene expressions. Deprivation of folic acid, combined with treating MEFs with SMs, can improve the inducing efficiency of iPSCs and reduce their carcinogenicity and the use of exogenous reprogramming factors.

It is a common view that the integration of Chinese medicine (CM) and modern Western medicine is an efficient way to facilitate the development of CM. Integrative medicine is a kind of complex interventions. Scientific therapeutic evaluation plays a crucial role in making integrative medicine universally acknowledged. However, the modern method of clinical study, which is based on the concept of evidence-based medicine, mostly focuses on the population characteristics and single interventional factor. As a result, it is difficult for this method to totally adapt to the clinical features of CM and integrative medicine as complex interventions. One possible way to solve this issue is to improve and integrate with the existing method and to utilize the evaluation model on complex interventions from abroad. As an interdisciplinary technique, data mining involves database technology, artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, neural network and some other latest technologies, and has been widely used in the field of CM. Therefore, the application of data mining in the therapeutic evaluation of integrative medicine has broad prospects.
Information Storage and Retrieval ; Integrative Medicine