BACKGROUND:The use of neural stem cels provides a new approach for nervous system functional reconstruction and nerve regeneration. How to solve the induced differentiation of neural stem cels is stil a research hotspot.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the differentiation of rat neural stem cels into neurons and dopaminergic neurons under induction of glial cel-line derived neurotrophic factor gene.
METHODS:PcDNA3-GDNF-GFP plasmids were constructed and transferredvia lipidosome into rat embryonic neural stem cels. Differentiation of neural stem cels after transfection was identified under a fluorescence microscope. Immunofluorescent staining was used to detect expression of β-tubulin III and tyrosine hydroxylase.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 3 days after transfection, green fluorescence was observed in the transfected cels that were globular. At 7 days after transfection, the proportion of neural stem cels differentiating into neurons and dopaminergic neurons were significantly increased. These results indicate that the glial cel-line derived neurotrophic factor gene can induce the differentiation of neural stem cels into neurons and dopaminergic neurons.

Purpose To study the c1inica1 and patho1ogica1 features of pituicytoma. Methods Ten cases of pituicytoma were re-trieved. Their c1inicopatho1ogic and immunohistochemica1 features were studied,and the re1ated 1iterature was a1so reviewed. Results The 10 patients aged from 4 to 68 years,with 4 ma1es,and 6 fema1es. The fo11ow-up information of 9 cases was co11ected:a11 of them were survived,whi1e one fema1e recurred 2 years after operation. Histo1ogica11y,the tumor was composed of bipo1ar e1ongated spind1e ce11. Immunohistochemica11y,the tumor ce11s showed strong1y positive for S-100(10/10)and vimentin(10/10),whi1e weak or foca1 positive for GFAP(10/10)and EMA(4/10). CKpan was negative in a11 cases and Ki-67 pro1iferation index was 1ow(1% ~5%). Conclusion Pituicytoma is a 1ow-grade spind1e ce11 tumor,typica11y occurs in the se11ar region. It is most common1y found in adu1ts,especia11y in ado1escent patients. The tumor shou1d be distinguished from pi1ocytic astrocytoma and neurohypophysea1granu1ar ce11 tumor. Pituicytoma exhibits strong1y positive for S-100 and vimentin. Genera11y,this tumor behaves indo1ent1y,but some may re-cur.

Objective To discuss combined detection of pleural biopsy under medical thoracoscopy and pulmonary serum tumor markers in diagnosis of pleural effusion with unknown reason.Methods 76 patients with pleural effusion caused by unknown reason from January 2014 to March 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. Pleural biopsy was conducted under medical thoracoscopy and sent for pathological examination, and 10 ml venous blood was collected from these patients upon admission for testing serum tumor markers (CEA, SCC-AG, ProGRP and CYFRA21-1).Results Among the 76 patients, there were 32 cases with benign lesions (14 with pulmonary tuberculosis, 9 with inlfammatory lesions, 6 with granulomatous inlfammation, 2 with empyema and 1 with hamartoma) and 44 cases with malignant lesions (18 with adenocarcinoma, 13 with squamous carcinoma, 6 with small cell lung cancer, 3 with adeno-squamous carcinoma, 2 with mesothelioma, 1 with large cell carcinoma and 1 with thymoma). The detection of serum tumor markers showed statistically significant differences in the levels of CEA, SCC-AG, ProGRP and CYFRA21-1 in serum between the malignant pleural effusion group and benign pleural effusion group (P = 0.021,P = 0.006,P = 0.003 andP = 0.010). The levels of various serum tumor markers in the malignant pleural effusion group were obviously higher than those in the benign pleural effusion group. According to the pathological results, patients with pleural effusions not caused by lung cancer (2 with mesothelioma and 1 with thymoma) were eliminated from 44 patients with malignant pleural effusions. The rest 41 patients with pleural effusions caused by lung cancer were divided into non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer according to the pathological types. The results showed that there were statistically signiifcant differences in the levels of CEA, ProGRP and CYFRA21-1 between non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer (P = 0.036,P = 0.005 andP = 0.008), while there was no statistically signiifcant difference in the level of SCC-AG (P = 0.811).Conclusions Due to high detection rate and high accuracy in detecting pleural effusions caused by unknown reason, medical thoracoscopy is of great signiifcance, especially for the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusions of pleural metastases. However, serum indicators may provide important reference values for us before the pathological results are available. Thus, it is an important means of diagnosing malignant pleural effusions caused by lung cancer and should be promoted in clinic.

Adult ; Child, Preschool ; Craniofacial Dysostosis ; surgery ; Craniotomy ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Male

Objective To observe the expression of aquaporin-7 (AQP-7)during the development of renal tubules of mice,and investigate the relationships between AQP-7 and renal tubule development.Methods Kidneys were selected from mice at embryonic days(E)12,14,17,and 18 and postnatal days(P)1,3,7,14,24,40 and 70.The expression of AQP-7 was observed by immunohistochemical(IHC)method in renal tubules.The surface area density values of AQP-7 positive expression were measured by stereological method while the content variation of AQP-7 in the renal tissue of mice was examined by Western blot.Results IHC analysis showed that AQP-7 was expressed in developing renal tubules at the proximal tubule at E14 day,localized along the brush border of the proximal straight tubules (S3 segment)where the cortex and outer medullalie after P14 d,but AQP-7 was not observed in the nephrogenic zone or inner medulla.The results of stereology discovered that the surface area density values of AQR-7 had increased gradually in the apical of renal tubule and reached the maximum at P24 d and then remained stable with the growth of mice.Western blot indicated that AQP-7 expression in kidneys had reached the peak at P24 d and remained stable.Conclusion The expressions of AQP-7 in the developing renal tubules of mice show a chronological and spatial sequence,which plays an important role in water and glycerol balance of mouse kidneys at the late stage of development.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the serum apolipoprotein B (ApoB)/ ApoA-Ⅰ ratio and intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke.Methods Patients with ischemic stroke aged from 18 to 45 were enrolled in the study.Brain CT angiography was used to evaluate the degree of intracranial artery stenosis,and the concentrations of serum total cholesterol,triglyceride,highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,ApoA-Ⅰ,and ApoB were detected.The ratio of ApoB/ApoA-Ⅰ was calculated.The Demographic and clinical characteristics of the intracranial artery stenosis group and the non-intracranial artery stenosis group were compared.Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke.Results A total of 161 young patients with ischemic stroke were enrolled,including 89 in the intracranial artery stenosis group and 72 in the non-intracranial artery stenosis group.The constituent ratios of diabetes mellitus (20.2％ vs.6.9％;x2 =4.641,P =0.032),smoking (47.5％ vs.15.2％;x2 =15.121,P=0.001),hyperlipidermia (56.1％ vs.48.6％;x2 =4.197,P=0.040),as well as the radios in serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.29 ± 0.30 mmol/L vs.1.65 ± 0.34 mmol/L;t =7.131,P=0.002),ApoA-Ⅰ (1.49 ± 0.65 g/L vs.1.63 ± 0.23 g/L;t =2.751,P =0.001),ApoB (1.49 ± 0.65 g/L vs.1.63±0.23 g/L;t=2.751,P=0.001),and ApoB/ApoA-Ⅰ ratio (1.49±0.65 vs.1.63± 0.23;t =2.751,P=0.001) had significant differences between the two groups.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 3.052,95％ confidence interval [CI] 1.186-7.856;P =0.021),smoking (OR 2.997,95％ Cl 1.456-6.172;P =0.003),hyperlipidemia (OR 4.745,95％ CI 2.108-10.668;P =0.001),ApoB (OR 4.861,95％ CI 3.029-7.802;P=0.001),and ApoB/ ApoA-Ⅰ ratio (OR 5.684,95％ CI 2.215-14.584;P=0.002) were the independent risk factors for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke,while HDL-C (OR 0.561,95％ CI 0.354-0.888;P=0.014) and ApoA-Ⅰ (OR 0.065,95％ CI 0.010-0.409;P=0.004) were the independent protective factors.After adjustment for hypertension,diabetes,smoking,hyperlipidemia,HDL-C,ApoA-Ⅰ,and ApoB,ApoB/ApoA-Ⅰ ratio was still an independent risk factor for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke (each increase of 1 standard deviation,OR 4.255,95％ CI 2.348-7.711;P=0.001).Conclusion ApoB/ApoA-Ⅰ ratio is an independent risk factor for intracranial artery stenosis in young patients with ischemic stroke.

As society develops,it has become one of the important goals of higher medical personnel training to cultivate medical students' information literacy.After explaining the definition of information literacy,this paper discussed the importance of information analysis and evaluation in information literacy education.

Purpose To study the clinicopathologic features retrospectively and to explore the prognosis of 15 cases of young pulmonary primary salivary gland tumor. Methods The 15 cases of young pulmonary primary salivary carcinoma were analyzed respectively. Re-sults The 15 cases showed 7 cases with adenoid cystic carcinoma and 8 cases with mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Cough and bloody sputum were main symptoms, while chest pain, chest distress and fever were less seen. There were 10 cases performed with partial pul-monary lobectomy, 3 cases performed with unilateral total lobectomy, 1 case performed with artery perfusion treatment and bronchial ar-tery embolization and 1 case performed with conservative treatment for pancreatic metastasis after diagnosis. The mean follow-up time was 28 months ( from 4 to 96 months) . Conclusion The primary salivary gland-type lung tumor belonged to benign or low-grade ma-lignant tumor, mainly accompanied with hacking cough and bloody sputum, which was commonly found in trachea and bronchus. Final diagnosis could be made through bronchoscopy and biopsy. Complete surgical excision is the primary method and the prognosis is usual-ly good, especially in the young.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the dosage-efficacy/toxicity relationship of prepared rhubarb, in order to explore the bidirectional effects in hepatoprotection and hepatotoxicity of prepared rhubarb and the objective authenticity for attenuating toxicity by processing.

METHODNormal and pathological animals were adopted simultaneous to investigate the effect of total extracts from prepared rhubarb within a high dose range (2.0, 5.4, 14.7, 40.0 g x kg(-1) x d(-1)) on normal state, biochemical index and histopathology of experimental animals. The factor analytic approach was used to analyze the dosage-efficacy/toxicity relationship of prepared rhubarb.

RESULTThe factor analytic approach was used to extract two common factors from the nine biochemical indexes. The firs common factor was mainly dominated by HA, LN and TGF-β1, and could be explained as fibrotic factors. The second common factor was mainly dominated by ALT, AST and ALP, and could be explained as cellular factor. The results of the factor analysis suggested that prepared rhubarb showed significant bidirectional effects in hepatoprotection and hepatotoxicity, which could protect liver in CC14 injured chronic hepatic injury, but had a certain hepatotoxic effect to normal animals. The pathological examination showed consistent results with the factor analysis. Under comparable dosages, prepared rhubarb showed a stronger liver protecting effect than crude rhubarb, with a lower toxicity.

CONCLUSIONAlthough prepared rhubarb has a certain hepatotoxic effect to normal animals, it has also a significant therapeutic effect to animals with liver injury. The results proved the symptom-based prescription theory and the scientificity of the symptom-based medication. The symptom-based prescription theory is important to correctly realize the dosage-efficacy/toxicity relationship of traditional Chinese medicines and guide the symptom-based medication.

Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Prescriptions ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Female ; Fibrosis ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Rheum ; chemistry ; Toxicity Tests

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the course of certain common gamma cytokines ( IL-2 and IL-7 ) and their role on the control of the viral infection in a short term antiviral therapy.Methods A total of 35 adults with chronic HIV infection,responding to combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) guideline criteria were enrolled in this one year follow-up study.After signing an informed consent,20 ml blood were collected from each patient at base line,week 0,week 24 and week 48.1 ml serum collected from each patient was kept at -80 * C until use.Serum concentration of IL-2 and IL-7 was determined using ELISA kit from ebioscience Beijing.CD4 and CD8 cells were counted and quantified using flux cytometry,and serum HIV RNA was quantified using real time PCR.Results All patients had a mean baseline IL-2 level [ (9.67 ± 2.6 ) pg/ml ]lower than the controls [ ( 27.36 ± 5.05 ) pg/ml ].After treatment for 48 weeks,IL-2 increased[ ( 19.8 ± 3.3 ) pg/ml ].However,the mean baseline 1L-7 [ ( 81.74± 20.47 ) pg/ml ]in patients was higher than controls [ ( 2.06 ± 1.52 ) pg/ml ].After treatment for 48 weeks,IL-7 decreased [ (8.36 ± 2.16)pg/ml ].IL-2 showed a significant increase and positive correlation with CD4 cells after HAART initiation (0week:R =0.21,P =0.063,24week:R =0.24,P =0.033,48week:R =0.19,P =0.103; IL-7 showed a significant decrease after HAART initiation but it did not show correlation with CD4 cells.We noted there was a negative correlation between IL-2 and CD4 count in HAART baseline (R =0.28,P =0.012 ),but no correlation between IL-7 and CD4 count from 6 month after HAART.IL-2 showed negative correlation with HIV RNA ( R =- 0.17,P =0.032),but IL-7 showed a relationship with the HIV RNA Conclusions The increase of IL-2 coupled with the decrease of IL-7 revealed a partial restoration of immune response during HAART.However,the absence of relationship with HIV RNA suggested that these cytokines might not be directly involved in the reduction of viral load.