The initiation and development of diabetic chronic complications is associated not only with the level of blood glucose,but also with the glucose fluctuation.The damage in large artery and microvessel may be caused by glucose fluctuation.There are two causes which induce glucose fluctuation in clinical:one is postprandial hyperglyceamia with not well controlled,the other is hypoglycemia causes by unsuitable therapy.A lot of effective new types of substances were applicated in clinical,such as ?-glucosidase inhibitor,glinide-insulin secretagogus,fast-acting and long-acting insulin analogues.With these new powerful tools,there is possibility to treat diabetes more correctly and safely,and control the blood glucose in a stable and good level.

The incidence of malnutrition among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) constantly increases despite the development of health care and dialysis techniques.New nutritional targets for CKD patients upon maintenance treatment have been developed.Before dialysis,evidences have shown that a long-term nutritional care plan,with a control of protein intake,can effectively correct metabolic disorders including proteinuria and acidosis.During the maintenance dialysis,the optimal protein and energy intakes have been recently challenged.The new classification of nutritional disorders in CKD patients may help the easily identification of protein-energy wasting.

Objective If IL-2 and IFN-? are united,perhaps we may see a more significant antitumor effect.A fusion gene of IL-2 and IFN-? was designed and constructed by DNA engineering.Methods CEA promotor、IL-2cDNA and IFN-?cDNA were obtained by PCR and RT-PCR.SDS-PAGE was used to examine the results;pcDNA-IL-2、pcDNA-IFN-?、pCEA-IL-2/ IFN-?、pEGFP-IL-2/ IFN-? were transfected to CEA high expression cell line(Lovo)by use of liposome.The fusion protein expression was examined by fluorescence microscope and Western blotting.Results IL-2/ IFN-? fusion gene can be expressed in tumor cells.Its expression is more obvious in CEA high expressed cells(Lovo),and can be located in cell plasma.Conclusion The fusion gene can be expressed in plasma of CEA high expressed cell lines.It may have a new anti-tumor effects.

Medical English writing presents specific principles of selecting words and making sentences.Word selecting requires brevity,necessity,and clarity,while sentence making demands proper length,expressive verb,and impressive subject.Understanding these principles is of great help to Chinese medical writers.

Medical words distinguish medical paper from any other papers,and the right choice of medical words plays an important role in conveying medical content.However,with respect to the whole text,a larger number of words are still nonmedical ones,to which great importance should also be attached.In the writing of a medical paper,three principles of exactness,conciseness,and readability in selecting nonmedical words should be followed to make the paper more internationally accepted.

Many transcription factors, kinases and phosphorylase regulate the expression and activity of stuthmin. The abnormality of stathmin expression or its activity is closely involved in lots of pathological or phys-iological events such as cell proliferation, development of tumor. Many kinds of malignant tumors have high ex-pression of stathmin, and inhibiting the expression of stathmin protein is a new biotherapy target in tumor geneth-erapy. Moreover, stathmin protein can influence curative effect of some chemotherapeutics ,which target microtu-bular. This has some significance with regard to the guidance of clinical medication.

Objective To discuss the application and effect of evaluation system in the experiment teaching of pathogenic biology and immunology.Methods The study was based on result of the peacetime assessment,operating test and theory test of 1303 clinical medicine students of Grade 2013.Reversion 3.2.3 was used to calculate the normal distribution,difficulty index,discrimination index and correlation coefficient,and then the characteristics of the assessment methods and the relationship among the components were analyzed.Result The operation test and theoretical test showed a good normal distribution,but the peacetime result showed a certain negative skewness.It was an easy evaluation model because the difficulty index of the examination system was more than 0.70.In peacetime grade,the proportion of high scores accounted up to 62.09％,and the degree of differentiation was low,only about 0.10.In the evaluation system,there were significant positive correlations (r＞0,P＜0.01) in the peacetime,operation and the theoretical results.Conclusion The performance,operation and theoretical results according to the 3:3:4 ratio is reasonable,but some of the problems need to be improved.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures in drinking waterborn endemic fluorosis areas after water improvement in Xuchang City,Henan Province.Methods In the drinking water-born endemic fluorosis areas of Xuchang City,Henan Province,15 villages were selected based on the following parameters:the unimproved water group,the water improvement time ＜ 3 years group,the water improvement time 3-5 years group and the water improvement time ＞ 5 years group,using a multi-stage random sampling method.In those villages,the concentration of urinary fluoride was tested by the ion selective electrode method on 30 children selected by every village,and Deans method was applied for diagnosis of dental fluorosis on all students age 8-12 years old of the 15 villages.Results The dental fluorosis prevalence rates of the unimproved water group,the water improvement time ＜ 3 years group,the water improvement time 3-5 years group and the water improvement time ＞ 5 years group were 53.57％ (120/224),63.64％ (98/154),37.30％ (47/126) and 22.99％ (40/174),respectively,and the urinary fluoride geometry means were 2.10,1.30,1.07 and 1.02 mg/L,respectively.The prevalence of dental fluorosis was significantly different between the improvement time 3-5 years and the unimproved water groups (x2 =8.56,P ＜ 0.008),and between the improvement time ＞ 5 years and the unimproved water groups too (x2 =38.10,P ＜ 0.008).The geometric mean of urinary fluoride was significantly different between the improvement time ＜ 3 years and the unimproved water groups (q =5.66,P ＜ 0.01),between the improvement time 3-5 years and the unimproved water groups (q =8.14,P ＜ 0.01),and between the improvement time ＞ 5 years and the unimproved water groups (q =8.28,P ＜ 0.01).The level of urine fluoride in children was positively correlated with the fluoride content in the village (r =0.659,P ＜ 0.01),and was positively correlated with dental fluorosis index too (r =0.758,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The content of urinary fluoride has decreased significantly in less than three years after water improvement in drinking water-born endemic fluorosis areas.The incidence of dental fluorosis in children is related to the improvement of water supply.The longer the time of the water improvement,the more obvious the detection rate decreased more obvious.

OBJECTIVE:To study the anticoagulative and antithrombotic activity of Tongsai ruanmai tablets.METHODS:The effects of Tongsai ruanmai tablets on coagulation time, prothrombin time(PT),the fibrinogen(Fbg) content and the dissolution rate of blood clot were observed. The antithrombotic effect of Tongsai ruanmai tablets was also studied by thrombogenesis dissolution test in vivo and in vitro in rats. RESULTS: At the dose of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g?kg-1,Tongsai ruanmai tablets could significantly prolong the coagulation time and PT in rats, decrease the Fbg content, increase the dissolution rate of blood clots, prolong carotid artery thrombosis formation time, shorten the length of thrombosis of rats in vitro, lessen the wet weight and dry weight of thrombosis of rats.CONCLUSION:Tongsai ruanmai tablets possess anticoagulative and antithrombotic activity.

Objective To explore the role of sanyrene in decreasing skin itching and observe its therapeutic effect on skin pruritus in patients with diabetes. Methods According to the principle of voluntary patients, 221 cases were divided into three groups: conventional therapy plus calamine smear including 80 cases, conventional therapy plus sanyrene including 80 cases and the conventional treatment only control group including 61 cases. Results Generalized estimating equations were established. Referring to the control group, model one was established. The coefficients in sanyrene treatment and calamine control group were 2.20 and 1.29 respectively (P<0.01). The therapeutic efficacy was significantly increased with 9.03 (OR=e2.20) times in sanyrene group and 3.63 (OR=e1.29) times in calamine group compared to the blank control,indicating effect of sanyrene and calamine were better than the control group;Referring to calamine group, Model two was established,shows better efficacy of sanyrene in calamine. The coefficients in sanyrene treatment and blank control group were 0.91 and-1.29 respectively (P<0.01). The therapeutic efficacy was significantly increased 2.48 (OR = e0.91) times in sanyrene group and 0.28 (OR = e-1.29) times in blank group compared to calamine control. Conclusions Sanyrene is effective in improving in diabetic skin pruritus situation. And compared with calamine, the treatment efficacy of sanyrene is better, which suggesting that sanyrene can be used in the clinical treatment of diabetic skin pruritus.