Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is gaining extensive attention in recent years because of the high incidence. But because of the complex symptoms and signs, there exist no diagnostic consensus. In this paper, the available objective diagnostic methods so far are reviewed, in the purpose of discussing the approach of objective and accurate diagnosis of LPR.
Humans ; Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ; diagnosis

Objective: To study self-efficacy and locus of control in s tudents under stress Method: 489 students including 138 colleg e students, 222 high school students and 129 high school students facing national examination for college (exam group) were collected SEI (self-judgement inven t ory) and ASLEC (adolescent life event scale) were applied to college students an d high school students Scale for Self-efficacy in Mathematics, ICP (inner cont r ol potential) and TAS (test anxiety scale) were applied to exam group R esult: Only in male students, there was significant negative correlation between general self-efficacy and stress The stress level of female was highe r than male There was significant negative correlation between stress and self- e fficacy in mathematics and between stress and internality While positive corre l ation existed between stress and powerful others, and between stress and chance In multiple regression, the main factors influence stress were gender, self-e fficacy and chance

Objective To analyze clinical process and therapy means of drug induced liver disease(DILD).Methods The retrospectively study on the clinical data 40 patients of DILD was used.Results(1)18 patients with DILD are more 60 year(45.0%); 17 patients have chronic dease(42.5%); 3 patients are sensitive to drug.10 patients have unite using drug(25%); 4 patients have bibulosity; 20 patients had not cease drug when DILD happened with al- imentary tract symptom(50%);(2)72.7% DILD with antibiotics happened in 2 weeks,most cases are acute bile de- posit type.95.2%DILD with Chinese traditional medicine happened after 2 weeks,is are chronic hepatotoxicity,it is obvious that liver cell damage type and bile deposit type.and commix-type.Very few Chinese traditional medicine also lead to acute hepatotoxicity.By protect liver of therapy:6 patients cure,32 patients mend,2 have patients no change. Conclusion DILD is very normal in clinical,must be in advance know and guard for DILD,the key is to cease drug when DILD happened.

The minimally invasive surgery means treatment that can remain homeostasis, reduce tissue damage, benefit body recovery and prognosis. The typical techniques of minimally invasive surgery in gynecology are laparoscope and hysteroscope, which can replace nearly all kinds of traditional gynecology surgery and have superior curative effect. After 10 years clinical practice, we found that reasonable application of laparoscope play a significant role in ensuring the surgery quality and postoperative living quality, on account of the greater risk by new surgery instruments and various sorts of energy. The popularization of gynecology minimally invasive surgery is influenced by the regional economic development and update of doctor's ideology, so it is important to train the surgeons and change their ideas.

There are many causes of proteinuria in children.Because proteinuria is mainly caused by glomerular diseases,renal tubulopathies are often ignored.Dent's disease is an hereditary renal tubulopathy characterized by low-molecular-weigh proteinuria,hypercalciuria,nephrocalcinosis,nephrolithiasis,and progressive renal failure.Dent's disease is mainly caused by mutations in CLCN5 and OCRL1 genes.Current treatments of the disease are still mainly symptomatic and supportive therapy,including reducing urinary calcium excretion,lightening nephrocalcinosis,and delaying the occurrence of renal insufficiency.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of hysterescopy on the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding. MethodsHysteroscopy was used in 120 cases of abnormal uterine bleeding, 98 cases with abnormal uterine cavity lesions were found. According to the different diseases, different treatments were unde~aken. ResultsThe use of hysteroscopy could make a clear diagnosis to variety of intrauterine abnormalities, and could treat many diseases at the same time directly. ConclusionUsing hysteroscopy to diagnose and treat abnormal uterine bleeding is a reliable method.

Master of Translation and Interpretation in medicine aims at cultivating professional translators and interpreters in medicine.This paper makes a discussion of the construction of academic degree granting schools from curriculum setting,teaching group and evaluating model,proposing to increase the proportion of medical class and practical translating class,integrate teachers in school and strengthen their teaching training,and utilize professional evaluation mechanism for students' translating ability.

"Triple-negative"breast cancer patients who have special clinicopathological characteristics are defined by a lack expression of oestrogen,progesterone,and HER-2 receptors.Triple-negative patients usually metastasize early with worse prognosis,and have a higher incidence of visceral metastases than bony metas tases.This subgroup has no chance of hormone treatment and targeted therapy for HER-2,and chemotherapy is the main therapy.We discuss the predominant proliferative signals,molecular features of triple-negative breast cancer,and some basic studies and clinical trials.Furthermore,targeted therapy against EGFR,C-kit,and BRCA1 may show preferable anticancer activity.However,recent research is still unable to identify the biological characteristics of triple-negative Cancer,and special treatment is still not available.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common type of cardiomyopathy in children.It is associated with gene mutation,viral infection,autoimmunity,nutritional deficiency,drug induced,endocrine and metabolic abnormalities,et al.Through the balance of the calcium content,the negative control of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the reduction of the formation of inflammatory mediators,vitamin D can reduce the occurrence of DCM.This paper elaborates the latest research advances of the DCM pathogenesis and treatment,especially focusing on the mechanism and prognosis of vitamin D deficiency and gene mutation.

Objective: To prepare voriconazole albumin nanoparticles and evaluate the characteristics of pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in rats.Methods: Voriconazole albumin nanoparticles were prepared by a new ultra-high pressure microfluidization technology.The physicochemical properties of voriconazole albumin nanoparticles were studied, such as the particle size distribution, zeta potential and particle shape.The release of voriconazole from albumin nanoparticles was investigated in pH7.4 phosphate buffered saline.The concentrations of voriconazole in plasma and the other different tissues were determined after the tail-vein injection of voriconazole albumin nanoparticles in rats.Results: Voriconazole albumin nanoparticles were homogeneous small spheres as seen under a transmission electron microscope.The average particle diameter was (121.9±41.6) nm, the polydispersity index was 0.197, and the zeta potential was (-42.1±0.9) mV.In 0.5% Tween-80 phosphate buffered saline (pH7.4), the in vitro cumulative release of voriconazole albumin nanoparticles reached up to 67.5% in 24 h.AUC0-24 of voriconazole albumin nanoparticles and voriconazole injection was (98.27±1.42) and (105.32±1.45) g/L/h, and MRT0-24 was (4.48±0.38) and (4.86±0.51) h, respectively.Conclusion: Voriconazole albumin nanoparticles can prolong the circulation time, and exhibit promising targeting ability in liver, spleen and brain.