Objective To study the relationship between the level of fluoride in urine and the prevalence of dental caries in children before and after the defluoridation, and to provide a basis for assessment of the effects of defluoridation projects and for control of dental caries.Methods Wamiao Village, in Jiangsu Province, a formerly severe endemic fluorosis area, was selected to carry out the study.All children aged 8-13 years old before the defuoridation were investigated from September to November in 2002, and children 8-10 years old who were born after the defluoridation were investigated from September to November in 2013.Urinary fluoride level of the children and the prevalence of dental caries were determined, and their relationships were analyzed.The urina sanguinis samples of children were collected in the morning, and the urine fluoride level was tested using the fluoride ion selective electrode.Dental caries diagnoses was referenced to Dental Caries.Results Totally children's urine samples were 236 and 68 respectively before and after defluoridation.Urinary fluoride level of the children was significantly decreased from (3.53 ± 1.81)mg/L (before defluoridation) to (1.39 ± 0.66)mg/L (after defluoridation, t =9.506, P ＜ 0.01);the prevalence of dental caries was increased from 52.73％ (29/55, before defluoridation) to 63.24％ (43/68, after defluoridation), however, the difference was not significant (x2 =1.383, P ＞ 0.05).The DMFT increased from 1.18 (before defluoridation) to 1.68 (after defluoridation), and the epidemic levels of dental caries were all at lower levels.The relationship between urine fluoride level and the prevalence of dental caries as well as the DMFT before defluoridation was a U-shape dose-response curve;which was gone after defluoridation.Conclusions The urinary fluoride level is significantly decreased after defluoridation for 10 years, the prevalence of dental caries is increased but not significantly.The results of this study indicate that the measure of fluoridation to prevent dental caries needs to be further validated.

Acupuncture Points ; Adult ; Electroacupuncture ; Female ; Head ; innervation ; Humans ; Neuritis ; therapy

Adoptive immune cells can regulate and strengthen immune function of cancer patients,thus effectively inhibit tumor escaping.Cytokine induced killer cells (CIK),natural killer cells (NK),tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL),dendritic cells (DC),T cell receptor-modified T cells (TCR-T) and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T) eliminate tumor by killing tumor cells directly or stimulating the immune response against tumor cells through different mechanisms.

OBJECTIVE: To compare inhibition effects of arsenacetylic acid(ASAC) on experimental H22 hepatoma-bearing mice in different forms of administration. METHODS: The mice were divided into 5 groups at random after inoculated with H22 hepatoma into their right axillas hypodermic by intraperitoneal injection(ip) and intravenous injection(iv), and then injected with normal saline,cyclophosphamide and different dosage of ASAC, observe the rate of tumor strain becoming tumor, the inhibition effects of the subjects and the effects of the subjects on mice's viscera. RESULTS: Compared with ip,either high, moderate or low dosage of ASAC by iv did have an obvious inhibitory effect on tumor and the tumor inhibition rates were 46.59%, 46.31% and 32.48% respectively; however, the spleen index in groups that of lower dosage of ASAC by two forms of drug administration were increased; there were death by poisoning in the group that iv with high dosage of ASAC.CONCLUSION: Compared with ip, the administration of ASAC by iv has a better effect on tumor.

Objective To determine the effect of endomorphin (EM) on colonic electromyography activity and investigate the pathogenesis of slow transit constipation (STC). Methods An experimental rat model of slow transit constipation was constructed by contract laxatives mixed with the feed. The changes of colonic electromyography and reaction to endomorphin 1 and endomorphin 2 were examined. Results Compared with the control group, the frequency and amplitude of slow wave in cathartic colon rats were decreased significantly. Endomorphin 1 and endomorphin 2 significantly decreased the amplitudes of slow wave, but did not change the frequencies of slow wave. The effect of endomorphin 1 was more pronounced than that of endomorphin 2, which could be reversed by the morphine antagonist Naloxone in concentration-dependent manner. Endomorphin could not block the stimulating effect of acetylcholine. Conclusions Endomorphin can influence the colonic electromyography activity and intestine motility of cathartic colon rats, and may be involved in the pathologic mechanism of slow transit constipation.

BACKGROUND:Studies regarding neural stem cells (NSCs) mainly focus on rodents and human,few of which addressing non-human primate animals.OBJECTIVE:To explore a culture system of cynomolgus monkey NSCs (cmNSCs),additionally,to observe its differential potential.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING:An in vitro cytology observation was performed at the Canter for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering,Sun Yat-sen University between July 2008 and April 2009.MATERIALS:Spontaneously aborted cynomolgus monkey fetus with 3-5 months old (gestational age),was provided by Landao Biotechnology Co.,Ltd.METHODS:The subventricular zone and the hippocampus were dissected aseptically from the brain of spontaneously aborted cynomolgus monkey fetus,then triturated with fire-polished glass Pasteur pipettes to single cells,and cultured in 25 cm~2 culture flask with concentration of (2.0-5.0)×10~5.The neurospheres were transferred into polyornithine and fibronectin precoated cell culture dish after 2 weeks when they formed.Each 20 μg/L of epithelium growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was daily added.The adhesive cells were passagad when they reached about 90% confluency.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:The NSCs and its differential potential were identified by surface marker nestin and immunocytochemistry.RESULTS:The neurospheres formed after 1 week culture,and grew with time prolonged.The culture system was changed into adherent culture at 4th week.At 24 hours after plated on the poly-omithine/fibronectin pre-coated dish,neurospheras adhered to the dish and many cells migrated out of neurnshperes and proliferated as monolayer.The immunocytochemistry showed that NSCs which culture medium contain EGF and bFGF preserve neatin positive,and the cmNSCs that without EGF and bFGF differentiated into astrocytes (GFAP positive),neurons (Tuj-1 positive) and oligodendrocytes (O4 positive).CONCLUSION:The culture system which combines suspension culture and adherent culture is fit for the culture of cmNSCs.The cultured cmNSCs has potential to differentiate into astrocytes,neuronal cells and oligodendrocytes.

Cancer is considered as one of the major diseases endangering human health in the world, it is urgent to find a safer and more efficient treatment for cancer therapy. Gene therapy with ribonucleic acid (RNA) drugs could regulate the expression of tumor related genes, and exhibit good anti-tumor therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical trials. Based on the differences between tumor tissues and normal tissues in microenvironment signal characteristics such as pH, specific enzyme concentration or redox gradient, various microenvironment responsive nanocarriers had been studied and developed to deliver RNA drugs to tumor tissues and cells, improving the anti-tumor efficacy of RNA drugs and reducing toxic and side effects. This paper reviews the pathophysiological characteristics of tumor microenvironment and various strategies of tumor microenvironment responsive nanocarriers, in order to provide reference for the design of safe and efficient RNA drug delivery system for cancer therapy.

Objective To investigate the relationship between arsenic in drinking water and skin lesions in endemic arsenism area in Shanyin County of Shanxi Province,in order to provide epidemiologic data for further arsenism research.Methods One hundred and eighty-nine endemic arsenism patients and 59 controls were randomly selected in 17 endemic amenism countries in Shanyin County of Shanxi Province.The content of arsenic in drinking water which wa8 collected indoom was half-quantitatively screened by a kit made by Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention,then quantitatively determined by HPLC-ICP-MS.Patients of endemic arsenism were diagnosed by "The Standard of Diagnosis for Endemic Amenism"(WS/T 211-2001).Results There were 64.9% (87/134)samples above the arsenic level(50μg/L)of drinking water and the median value of arsenic in drinking water was 91.43 μg/L in 134 water samples.The OR(95%CI)value between arsenic in drinking water and hyperkeratosis,hyperpigmentation,depigmentation was 2.46(1.22-4.94),3.34(1.50～7.44)and 2.86(1.50-5.46),respectively.The prevalence of hyperkeratosis,hyperpigmentation and depigmentation increased,as the arsenic in drinking water increased(≤10,≤50,≤200,＞200μg/L),especially in＞200μg/L group(OR=6.15,13.96,11.41,P＜0.05).The arsenic level in drinking water of Ⅲ degree of depigmentation patients(318.300μg/L)was higher(P＜0.05)than that of 0,Ⅰ and Ⅱ degree groups(86.670,131.800,1 10.590μg/L,P＜0.05).Conclusions Shanyin County is a medial arsenic pollution area. Arsenic in drinking water is considered as a risk factor of skin lesion. The degree of skin lesions increased,as the arsenic in drinking water increased.

Objective To investigate the effect of combined Metformin and esomeprazole therapy on plasma levels of gastrin,blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin(HbA1c) and insulin in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.Methods A randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled study of 41 elderly patients with type 2 diabetes was conducted.Patients were randomly assigned into treatment group(combination therapy with Metformin 0.5 g,bid or tid and Esomeprazole 20 mg,qd,for 12 weeks)and placebo group(Metformin monotherapy 0.5 g,bid or tid,for 12 weeks).Fasting blood samples were taken from vein before and after treatment.Fasting serum levels of gastrin,glucose,HbA1c,insulin,lipids,liver and renal functions were compared between the two groups.The homeostasis model of assessment for insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR) and insulin secretion index (HOMA-β)were calculated,and complications were recorded.Results There were no significant differences in body mass index and waist circumference between the two groups.Serum gastrin level was slightly increased in the treatment group 12 weeks after treatment,but without statistically significance [(127.20±9.21)ng/L vs.(131.53±7.84)ng/L,P＞0.05],and serum gastrin level had no significant differences in the placebo group before and after treatment [(128.42±4.58)ng/L vs.(127.51±3.47)ng/L,P＞0.05].However,there were no significant differences in the changes of blood glucose,HbA1c,insulin,HOMA-β and HOMA-IR before versus after therapy,and between the two group(all P＞0.05).Conclusions Combined Metformin and insulin therapy cannot increase serum gastrin and insulin levels and has no significant effect on reducing blood glucose and HbA1c levels in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective To study the predictive value of serum hyaluronic acid (HA) levels for morphological progression of osteoarthritis (OA).Methods Seventy New Zealand white rabbits were randomly and equally divided into the OA group and the normal control group.OA was induced by injecting 0.5 ml of 2％ papain into the left knee joints and the same volume of sterile saline solution was injected Into right knee joints in control group.The serum HA levels were detected at 1,2,4,6,8,10 and 12 weeks after injection.Then magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathohistological changes were observed.T test was used for the analysis of measurment.Resuts Compared with the control group,degeneration changes were found in the OA group,such as thinner articular cartilage,fibrillation and destroyed cartilage matrix,and inflammation,proliferation and degeneration of the synovial tissue.All these changes were much worse with prolonged observation time.The serum HA levels were increased [12 week:(657±132) ng/ml,vs (166±8) ng/ml],which correlate with structural damage.Conclusion Serum HA levels had a predictive value for further development of OA.