Objective To investigate the incidence of needle stick injuries of nursing students in different stages of clinical practice and occupational protective education to provide evidence for developing education strategies. Methods One hundred and forty-one nursing students were surveyed retrospectively by a self-designed questionnaire. Results A total of 75.9%(107/141) nursing students had been injured in clinical practice. The incidence of needle stick injuries varied in different stages of clinical practice. Compared with the middle and late stage of clinical practice, the incidence of needle stick injuries was highest in the early stage of clinical practice:53.9%(76/141) vs. 38.3%(54/141),7.8%(11/141),and there was significant difference, χ2=216.14, P<0.05.About 64.2%(88/141)-78.0%(110/141) nursing students had not received protective education on the needle stick injuries. Only 48.9%(69/141)-55.3%(78/141) of nursing students were given protective training on needle stick injuries in their practice hospitals. Before clinical practice, 63.1%(89/141) nursing students had not been vaccinated to prevent infective diseases. Conclusions To reduce the incidence of needle stick injuries and related potential risks of infection caused by injuries, it is necessary to strengthen pre-practice education on occupational protection among nursing students. Perfect supervision system should also be established in practice hospitals and clinic wards.

?AIM: To observed the clinical effect of twice fluid-gas exchange in vitrectomy for retinal detachment at the equator.?METHODS: The retrospective analysis of the 74 cases (74 eyes) with retinal detachment at the equator from January 2014 to September 2015 were reviewed. All these patients were performed standard three channel 23G vitrectomy under a wide angle lens, in which, the 37 cases ( 37 eyes ) were randomly selected and performed single fluid-gas exchange, and the other 37 cases ( 37 eyes) were performed twice fluid-gas exchange. The intraoperative surgical complications and the postoperative success rate of retinal reposition in 1wk, 1, 3mo after surgery of the two group patients were observed.? RESULTS: The intraoperative surgical complication rates of the twice fluid-gas exchange group were less than that of the single fluid-gas exchange group. The postoperative success rate of retinal reposition in the twice fluid-gas exchange group significantly increased in 1wk and 1mo after surgery, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0. 05). But the postoperative success rate of retinal reposition in 3mo after surgery had no significant difference (P>0. 05).?CONCLUSION:The twice fluid-gas exchange operation was simple and it was beneficial for beginners to master. The incomplete drainage of the single fluid-gas exchange and the pore drainage in the posterior pole or in the peripheral part of the retina were avoided during the surgery. The intraoperative surgical complication rates were reduced and the postoperative success rate of retinal reposition were improved. This operation method had great application value in clinic.

A biosurfactant-producing strain(S_6)was isolated from oil-containing wastewater in oxidation ditch and identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa based on physiological and biochemical experiments and 16S rDNA sequence analysis.Infrared spectrum analysis revealed that S_6 produced glucolipid in the process of metabolism.It was observed that S_6 decreased the surface tension of water from 72 mN/m to 33.9 mN/m with the critical micelle concentration(CMC)of 50mg/L.The measurement of oil displacement and surface tension demonstrated that the fermented liquid had stable surface activity at varying range of salinity,pH,amount of dissolved oxygen.The optimal culture condition was obtained through orthogonal experiment:glucose 10g/L,urea 5g/L,KH_2PO_4 1g/L,liquor of microelement 2mL,pH 8.0,water 1000mL;and the biosurfactant production under optimal culture condition was 0.173g/L.

OBJECTIVEDiscusses the distributive characters of the Creatine Kinase MM (CKMM) gene A/G Polymorphism in XinjiangUyghur, One hundred and fourtheen athletes and 441 general population of Uyghur were involved in the study.

METHODSPolymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used.

RESULTS(1) The CKMM gene A/G frequency in Uyghur general population was(AA, AG and GG) 0.497, 0.392 and 0.111, the result test by Hardy-Weinberg (H-W) equilibrium and x² = 2.72, P = 0.1, df = 2, indicated that the control group had representative. (2) AA, AG and GG genotype frequency of power-oriented athlete respectively was 0.442,0.302 and 0.256, frequency of GG genotype and G allele was higher than the control group, there were significant differences compared to thecontrol( P < 0.05, df = 2); (3) A/G genotype frequency of Endurance-oriented athletere spectively was 0.571, 0.400 and 0.029, there were nosignificant differences compared to the controls ( P > 0. 05, df = 2). (4) A/G genotype frequency of Uyghur soccer athletes respectively was0.472, 0.361 and 0.167, G allele was higher than the Endurance-oriented athlete and lower than the power-oriented athletes. and no significant differences compared to the controls( P > 0.05, df = 2).

CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that the CKMM gene GG genotype and G alleleare represented in power-oriented athletes, but don't find A/G polymorphism correlation with endurance and the football sport performance.

Alleles ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Athletes ; Athletic Performance ; China ; Creatine Kinase, MM Form ; genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype ; Humans ; Physical Endurance ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length

This study was performed to prepare immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase, then optimize and compare the process conditions for conversion of icariin. Immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase were prepared using crosslink-embedding method. The best conditions of the preparation process were optimized by single factor analysis and the properties of immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase were investigated. The reaction conditions including temperature, pH, substrate ratio, substrate concentration, reaction time and reusing times of the conversion of icariin using immobilized β-glucosidase or snailase were optimized. Immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase exhibited better heat stabilities and could remain about 60% activity after storage at 4 degrees C for 4 weeks. The optimized conditions for the conversion of icariin were as follows, the temperature of 50 degrees C, pH of 5.0, enzyme and substrate ratio of 1 : 1, substrate concentration of 0.1 mg x mL(-1), reaction time of 6 h for β-glucosidase and 2 h for snailase, respectively. In 5 experiments, the average conversion ratio of immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase was 70.76% and 74.97%. The results suggest an effect of promoted stabilities, prolonged lifetimes in both β-glucosidase and snailase after immobilization. The immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase exhibited a higher conversion rate and reusability compared to the free β-glucosidase and snailase. Moreover, the conversion rate of immobilized snailase was higher than that of immobilized β-glucosidase. The process of icariin conversion using immobilized β-glucosidase and snailase was moderate and feasible, which suggests that immobilized enzymes may hold a promise for industrial usage.
Enzymes, Immobilized ; chemistry ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; Hydrolysis ; Temperature ; beta-Glucosidase ; chemistry

The mechanism of chromium accumulation and microstructure transformation of the fused yeast were studied in this paper.The result showed that the process of Cr6+ reduction and adsorption was accom-panied by the H+ consumption.The main adsorptive groups on the strain surface included amino,hydroxyl,phosphate group and amide,among which phosphate group played vital role in the chromium accumulation.The removal rate of chromium and reduction rate of hexavalent chromium declined 70% and 46%,respec-tively,when phosphate group was masked.During the adsorption process the chromium ions complexed on the surface of fused yeast was transported into the cell wall and combined with inclusion to form steady spe-cies and this took 90 min to reach the equilibrium.The biosorption and reduction of Cr on the cell surface would alter microstructure of cell surface,reduce cell membrane potential and increase cell membrane per-meability.

A new caffeate compound, (E)-erythro-syringylglyceryl caffeate (1), was isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Nardostachys chinensis Batal., together with nine known phenolic compounds, including (+)-licarin A (2), naringenin 4', 7-dimethyl ether (3), pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucoside (4), caraphenol A (5), Z-miyabenol C (6), protocatechuic acid (7), caffeic acid (8), gallic acid (9) and vanillic acid (10). Their chemical structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, this is the first report of compounds 2, 5 and 6 from Nardostachys genus.
Caffeic Acids ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Flavanones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Furans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Glucosides ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Hydroxybenzoates ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Lignans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Nardostachys ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Vanillic Acid ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

AIM:To remark the effect of Qingguang'an Ⅱ on expression of PAX6, Ngn1, and Ngn2 mRNA of rats with chronic high intraocular pressure.METHODS:Totally 40 male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups, that was:A:blank group, B:model group, C:Qingguang'an Ⅱ low dose group, D:Qingguang'an Ⅱ moderate dose group, E:Qingguang'an Ⅱ high dose group, F:Yimaikang disket group.B, C, D, E, F groups of experimental rats were established the model of chronic high intraocular pressure (IOP) by cauterizing of superficial scleral vein.Animal model was established successfully by using monitoring IOP consistently keep above 25mmHg for 8wk as cut-off criterion.Tissues of Eyes were obtained after intragastric administration for 2wk and 4wk.The expressions of PAX6, Ngn1, and Ngn2 mRNA were investigated by Real-time PCR.RESULTS:At the time-point of 2wk, PAX6, Ngn1, and Ngn2 mRNA in group B were statistically expressed in lower level comparing with other groups (P<0.05).Moreover, at the time-point of 4wk, PAX6, Ngn1, and Ngn2 mRNA in group C, D and E were statistically expressed in higher level comparing with group F (P<0.05).Besides, PAX6, Ngn1, and Ngn2 mRNA in group C and D were statistically expressed in lower level comparing with group E (P<0.05).PAX6, Ngn1, and Ngn2 mRNA in group C and D were expressed in similar level(P>0.05).CONCLUSION:In summar, Qingguang'an Ⅱ and Yimaikang disket can remarkably increase the expressions of PAX6, Ngn1, and Ngn2, which suggest protecting the optic nerve of rats caused by chronic high IOP.What's more, this study indicated that, in the protection of optic nerve of rats with chronic high IOP, the high dose of Qingguang'an Ⅱ at the time-point of 4wk was the better choice.

Objective To examine the concentrations of hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)in the patients with diabetic neovascular glaucoma(NVG),proliferative retinopathy without neovascularization of the iris(PDR) and idiopathic macular role(IMH),and to determine the relationship between HGF and VEGF.Design Prospective case series. Participants 14 patients(14 eyes)with NVG,22 patients(22 eyes)with non-NVI PDR,19 patients(19 eyes)with IMH.Methods The double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was used to measure the intravitreous level of HGF and VEGF.Main Outcome Measures The concentrations of HGF and VEGF in the same specimens.Results The concentrations of HGF (mean?SD)in vitreous of NVG group,PDR group and IMH group were(12908.42?2946.46)、(9770.86?3802.99)、(4160.54?2044.80)pg/ ml,respectively(Kruskal-Walls test,X~2=32.36,P=0.000).In addition,significant differences were observed between groups of the concentrations of HGF(P＜0.01,respectively).The intravitreous concentrations of VEGF(mean?SD)in three groups were(823.50?718.58)、(821.82?786.27)、(22.73?3.20)pg/ml(X~2=28.30,P=0.O00),respectively(Kruskal-Walls test,X~2=32.36,P=0.000).There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of HGF and those of VEGF in the same specimens from each group(P＞0.05, respectively).Conclusions The intravitreous concentrations of HGF in the patients with diabetic NVG are obviously higher than those with IMH and non-NVI PDR,suggesting that HGF appears to be associated with mediating the neovascularization of retina and iris in NVG.However,it is not found there is any relationship between the intravitreous levels of HGF and VEGF.

The stability of microbial flocculant (MBF) produced by Aspergillus sojae and its application to municipal thickened sludge dewatering were studied. The results showed that the MBF had high heat and acid-base endurance with high flocculating activity in a wide range of pH from 1.5 to 12. The MBF retained 96% of flocculating activity after 35 days preservation at 4℃, but in different pH the flocculating activity difference was very apparent after 35 days store at room temperature. The experimental results also demon- strated that the MBF was better than PAM and PAC in reducing specific resistance filtration. The optimal dose of MBF used for intensifying thickened sludge dewatering is 7%(volume fraction). And the more the volume of sludge is treated, the less the cost of MBF for unit volume sludge treatment.