Objective To explore the possible factors associated with twice human brucellosis epidemics in Inner Mongolia during 1952 to 2007 to provide scientific tactics for prevention and control brucellosis. Methods Surveillance data and literature about human brucellosis during 1952 to 2007 in Inner Mongolia was collected, descriptive analysis of human brucellosis incidence on distribution in the regions and among occupations was carried out during 1952 to 2007. Results In Inner Mongolia, the first epidemic of human brucellosis peak appeared in the early 1960s, spreading to 12 regions, at an incidence of 55.28/100 000 in 1961, 72.9% of the Brucella infected people were herdsman;another epidemic peak seriously hit middle and eastern regions after 2000, the incidence being 38.44/100 000 in 2005;51.9% and 28.7% of the new brucellosis cases were respectively peasant and herdsman. Conclusions In Inner Mongolia, animal husbandry industry has been rapid developed since the early 1990's, resulting frequent livestock trade without quarantine, at the same time the public health system doesn't match the development, so the epidemic situation of brucellosisbecomes more and more serious after mid-90's, and has reached the peak during 2004 and 2007.

Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are a class of anticholinergic drugs widely used in clinical practice and mainly extracted from plant, among which Atopa belladonna is the main commercial drug source. It is of great industrial value to obtain TAs in large quantities by plant metabolic engineering. In TAs pathway, cytochrome oxidase CYP82M3 catalyze the synthesis of tropinone and then tropinone reductase I (TRI) compete with TRII for tropinone to form tropine leading to the TAs synthesis (drainage). In this study, based on the "increasing flow and drainage" metabolic engineering strategy, two genes, namely HnCYP82M3 and DsTRI from Hyoscyamus niger and Datura stramonium, respectively, were overexpressed in the hair roots of A. belladonna, with a view to promote the TAs accumulation. The HnCYP82M3 gene was cloned from the root of H. niger, and it encoded amino acid with 91.7% sequence identity with AbCYP82M3 from A. belladonna. Overexpression of HnCYP82M3 alone did not affect the content of TAs in hair roots of A. belladonna, indicating that CYP82M3 was not a key enzyme in TAs biosynthesis. Simultaneous overexpression of HnCYP82M3 and DsTRI greatly promoted the accumulation of the three TAs, and the contents of hyoscyamine, anisodamine and scopolamine were 4.97 times, 2.83 times and 2.19 times that of the control, respectively, and the increase amplitude was greater than that of single overexpression of DsTRI. This study showed that the "increasing flow and drainage" strategy of enzyme genes co-expression at branch points was a promising metabolic engineering method to effectively improve the biosynthesis of TAs in A. belladonna, and laid a theoretical and technical foundation for the large-scale industrial acquisition of TAs.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the distribution and pathogenicity of 27 HPV(Human papillomavirus)subtypes in cervical lesions.METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out in 5735 patients with cervical lesions admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from January 2015 to July 2017,including 997 cases of cervicitis,1568 cases of LSIL(low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion),2576 cases of HSIL(high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion)and 594 cases of cervical cancer. The HPV subtypes,histopathological results and ages were obtained for analysis.RESULTS: The positive rates of HPV in cervicitis group,LSIL,HSIL group and cervical cancer group were 57.0%,78.3%,90.5%,and 93.9%(P<0.05)respectively. The five most prevalent HPV types in cervicitis and LSIL group were 52,53,16,58 and 18;in HSIL and cervical cancer they were 16,52,58,33 and 18. The cumulative attribution rates of HPV16,18,58,52,33,31 and 45 in cervicitis,LSIL,HSIL and cervical cancer were 22.2%,38.4%,68.4% and 80.1%,respectively. The incidence of cervical cancer after HPV16,31 and 45 infection was 27.7,14.3 and8.2 times higher than that of cervicitis. Among the 36 cervical cancer tissue samples with negative HPV,8 cases were detected positive by HPV E6/E7 DNA detection.CONCLUSION: HPV16,18,58,52,33,31 and 45 have a high prevalence,cumulative attribution rates and risk values in patients with squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer. The above-mentioned subtypes of HPV should be included in the prevention and screening of cervical cancer.HPV E6/E7 DNA detection may be a reliable assay for HPV-based screening for prevention of cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVETo screen the proteins with differential expression levels in the cerebral tissue of hens exposed to tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), and to provide target proteins for studying the mechanism of organophosphoms ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN).

METHODSThirty two adult Roman hens were randomly divided into four groups: TOCP group was exposed to 1000 mg/kg TOCP, PMSF group was exposed to 40 mg/kg PMSF, PMSF plus TOCP group was exposed to 40 mg/kg PMSF and after 24 h exposed to 1000 mg/kg TOCP, control group was exposed to normal saline. All hens exposed to chemicals by gastro-intestine for 5 days were sacrificed, and the cerebral tissue were dissected and homogenized in ice bath. Total proteins extracted from the cerebral tissue were separated by isoelectric focusing as the first dimension and SDS-PAGE as the second dimension. The 2-DE maps were visualized after silver staining and analyzed by Image Master 2D software. At last ,the expressed protein spots were identified by Mass spectrometry.

RESULTSFrom total proteins in TOCP group, the PMSF plus TOCP group and PMSF group, 1185, 1294 and 1063 spots were detected, respectively. One thousand three hundred thirty two spots from total proteins in control group were detected. The match rates of protein spots in TOCP group, the PMSF plus TOCP group and PMSF group were 78.32 %, 79.56 % and 80.93%, respectively. There were 235 protein spots with differential expression levels between TOCP group and control group, which included 158 up regulation spots and 77 down regulation spots. According to the PMSF features, there were 102 spots with differential expression levels between TOCP group and control group and without differential expression levels between TOCP group and PMSF plus TOCP group, among them there were 13 spots with 4 fold differential expression levels between TOCP group and control group and without differential expression levels between TOCP group and PMSF group. Seven protein spots (homer-1b, Destrin, heat shock protein 70, eukaryotic translation initiation factors, proteasome alpha1 subunit, lactate dehydrogenase B, glutamine synthetase) were detected by Mass spectrometry.

CONCLUSIONThere are 112 protein spots with differential expression levels of the cerebral tissue in TOCP group, which may be related to OPIDN, among them 13 protein spots with differential expression levels are associated closely with OPIDN. Seven protein spots detected by Mass spectrometry may be related to the mechanism induced by OPIDN.

Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; Cerebrum ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Chickens ; Neurofilament Proteins ; metabolism ; Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride ; toxicity ; Proteome ; analysis ; Tritolyl Phosphates ; toxicity

OBJECTIVETo study the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosomes 1p or 19q in oligodendroglial tumors.

METHODSTwenty-eight cases of oligodendroglial tumors were enrolled into the study. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis was performed on paraffin-embedded tumor tissues in order to study the status of chromosomes 1p and 19q.

RESULTSAmong the 28 cases of oligodendroglial tumors, 24 cases (85.7%) showed 1p LOH, while 18 cases (64.3%) showed 19q LOH and 17 cases (60.7%) showed LOH of both 1p and 19q. LOH at 1p or 19q was present in 25 (89.3%) of the 28 cases.

CONCLUSIONSReal-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite analysis is a rapid and specific way in detecting LOH in paraffin-embedded tumor tissues. LOH at 1p or 19q is present in majority of the oligodendroglial tumors studied.

Adult ; Brain Neoplasms ; genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1 ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 ; Female ; Humans ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Middle Aged ; Oligodendroglioma ; genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; methods

OBJECTIVETo compare the differences in clinicopathologic features of invasive fungal rhinosinusitis caused by Aspergillus and Mucorales, and to discuss the pathogenesis of tissue injury induced by these two kinds of fungi.

METHODSThe clinical and pathologic features of 19 patients with invasive fungal rhinosinusitis due to Aspergillus (group A) and 16 patients with invasive fungal rhinosinusitis due to Mucorales (group M) were retrospectively reviewed. HE, PAS and GMS stains were performed on all the paraffin-embedded tissues. The diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination and microbiological culture results.

RESULTSAmongst the group A patients, the clinical course was acute in 4 cases and chronic in 15 cases. Thirteen cases had underlying predisposing conditions, including diabetes (number = 4), malignant tumor (number = 5), history of trauma (number = 1) and radical maxillary sinus surgery (number = 3). Follow-up information was available in 13 patients. Seven of them died, 4 due to fungal encephalopathy and 3 due to underlying diseases. Amongst the group M patients, the clinical course was acute in 14 cases and chronic in 2 cases. Fourteen cases had underlying predisposing conditions, including diabetes (number = 8), malignant tumor (number = 5) and history of wisdom tooth extraction (number = 1). Follow-up information was available in 14 patients. Four of them died of fungal encephalopathy. There was significant difference in clinical onset between the two groups (P = 0.01). There was however no difference in terms of underlying predisposing conditions and disease mortality. Histologically, the microorganisms in group A patients formed fungal masses and attached to the mucosal surface, resulting in necrotic bands (11/19). Epithelioid granulomas were conspicuous but multinucleated giant cells were relatively rare. Deep-seated necrosis, granulomatous inflammation against fungal organisms (3/19) and vasculitis with thrombosis (4/19) were not common. On the other hand, large areas of geographic necrosis involving deep-seated tissue could be seen in group M patients (13/16). Isolated multinucleated giant cells were commonly seen. Granulomatous inflammation against fungal organisms were identified (16/16). Vasculitis and thrombosis were also observed (10/16).

CONCLUSIONSThe invasiveness of Mucorales is remarkable; and when it causes invasive fungal rhinosinusitis, the clinical course is often acute and large areas of tissue necrosis can be seen. The invasiveness of Aspergillus in tissue is relatively mild. Granulomas are more common and the disease often runs a chronic clinical course. There is however no significant difference in long-term mortality. The pathogenesis may be related to the different components of the fungi.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aspergillosis ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; pathology ; Aspergillus ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Child ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mucorales ; isolation & purification ; pathogenicity ; Mucormycosis ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Rhinitis ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; pathology ; Sinusitis ; diagnosis ; microbiology ; pathology ; Young Adult

Objective To establish the standard operating procedures on multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis and to evaluate the values in identification of Brucella(B.) melitensis and epidemiological trace-back.Methods Sixteen B.melitensis,22 B.abortus,21 B.suis and 10 B.cnais were investigated by Brucella MLVA-16 genotyping scheme.All data were analyzed using BioNumerics version 5.1 software (AppliedMaths,Belgium).Clustering analysis was based on the categorical coefficient and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages(UPGMA) method.Polymorphism at each locus was quantified using Nei's diversity index.Resultant genotypes were compared using the web-based Brucella 2010 MLVA database.Results MLVA methods were successfully established and some strains can be clustered.Bruce06,bruce08,bruce11,bruce12,bruce42,bruce43,bruce45 and bruce55 were useful for species identification of Brucella isolates.Bruce04,bruce07,bruce09,bruce16 and bruce 30 afforded a higher discriminatory power for investigation of strain relatedness in regions of endemicity.Conclusions TheMLVAmethod has proved to be highly discriminatory and epidemiological concordance and is easy for Brucellosis surveillance in province-level lab.

Objective To report a large family with an autosomal dominant dementia associated with mutation in the prion protein gene(PRNP)and the detailed clinical,neuroimaging and pathological manifestations.Methods Two patients from a large family of dementia were admitted to our ward and the data of their medical history,physical examination,video electroenceplialogram,neuroimaging were colleted.A sterotactic biopsy of the right frontal lobe of the proband was done.After the informed consent from the family members obtained,the genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes of 5 persons followed by in,vitro amplification using polymerase chain reaction(PCR).The PCR products were directly sequenced by Sanger method.PRNP gene sequence was also examined in 150 normal Chinese to exclude single nueleotide polymorphism.Results A missense mutation of PRNP gene in 5 farnily members was detected,resulting in Gll4V mutation in the prion protein,with M/M genotype of eodon 129.This mutation was not detected in 150 normal Chinese.The proband was diagnosed as inherited prion disease by her clinical features,including neuropsychiatrie disturbances and progressive dementia,and manifestations of neuroimaging,EEG,neuropathology and PRNP gene mutation.Conclusion The first autosomal dominant pedigree of family prion disease is found in China with G114V mutation in PRNP gene which may lead to the prion disease directly.

A female infant was admitted to the hospital due to perioral cyanosis two hours after birth. The infant was born at the gestational age of 35 weeks by cesarean section with a birth weight of 2 400 g. Physical examination revealed wry mouth to the left side while crying, small auricles, and high palatal arch; fibrolaryngoscopy suggested bilateral vocal cord paralysis; echocardiography suggested ventricular septal defect; single nucleotide polymorphism testing showed 22q11.21 microdeletion. Therefore, the infant was given a definite diagnosis of asymmetric crying facies syndrome accompanied by 22q11.21 microdeletion. After 8-month follow-up, the infant still had asymmetric crying facies with presence of growth retardation.
Cesarean Section ; Crying ; Facial Paralysis ; Female ; Heart Defects, Congenital ; Humans ; Infant ; Pregnancy ; Vocal Cord Paralysis

OBJECTIVETo study the effect on anti-respiratory syncytial virus of an active compound (AP3) from a Chinese medicinal herb-Herba patriniae in vitro.

METHODSActive component of herba patriniae (AP3) was extracted and its anti-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) effect was tested. A water soluble substance (AP3) was isolated from a Chinese herb Herba patriniae, by hot water extraction, ethol precipitation and gel permeation column chromatography. The cytotoxicity of AP3 was tested by adding it to HeLa cells directly. Its effect against RSV was estimated by CPEI assay while ribavirin was used as positive control.

RESULTSChemical test showed that the nature of substance AP3 was polysaccharide. The median cytotoxic concentration (TC(50)) of AP3 was 11.45 mg/ml by morphological observation and the median effective concentration (50% effective concentration, EC(50)) of it against replication of the long strain of RSV in HeLa cells was 0.0986 mg/ml. The Therapeutic index (TI = TC(50)/EC(50)) of AP3 was 116.12, much higher than the TI of herba patriniae (AP1) (TI = 59.26) and ribavirin (TI = 53.45). Moreover, AP3 gave a dose-dependent response in inhibiting RSV. In the assay, the effect of AP3 against RSV growth was also tested. In addition, the effect of AP3 on virus growth, AP3 inhibited replication of RSV in HeLa cells, when added at 0 h, 2 h, 4 h after virus infection, were also tested.

CONCLUSIONThis study suggested that the AP3 exerted an obvious inhibitory effect to RSV in HeLa cell culture. This study furnished a reliable evidence for development of a new antiviral drug.

Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses ; drug effects ; Time Factors