Clinical studies have shown that trastuzumab combined with chemotherapy can significantly improve survival in treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer as well as in the neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for HER2-positive early breast cancer. In patients with HER2-positive and hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer, adding trastuzumab to endocrine therapy improves treatment efficacy. Resistance to trastuzumab may be reversed by incorporating other targeted therapeutic drugs. Patients can still benefit from continuing trastuzumab after their disease progresses.

Aim To establish an animal model of uterine leiomyoma for pathogenesis research and drug screen analysis.Methods Guinea pigs were treated with estradiol benzoate 100 ?g?d~(-1),twice a week,by intramuscular injection for 12 weeks.After the animal were killed,the uteri were dissected out and ultrathin sections were obtained.Compare to that of human being,pathohistologic characteristics were observed under the microscope.Results The uteri treated with estrogen were proliferated and deformated.Uterine nodules were observed in many of the tested animals.According to the results of pathohistology,these cells demonstrate the features of smooth muscle-like cells.Conclusion The uterine leiomyoma induced by estrodiol in guinea pig is similar to that of human being.It has been suggested that the animal model is valuable for pathogenesis research and drug screen analysis,although it still needs more evidence to be demonstrated.

Child ; Cleidocranial Dysplasia ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Male ; Radiography

Adult ; Ear Canal ; pathology ; Ear Neoplasms ; Female ; Humans ; Neurofibromatoses

Müller cells, as the special radial glial cells in the retina, span the entire retina, contact with neurons, microvessels and processes in the retina and play a significant role in protecting retinal structure and function.Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major ocular complication of diabetic patients.In the progression of DR, diabetic macular edema (DME) is the main cause of vision loss.During the occurrence of DME, the morphological and structural changes of Müller cells including severer swelling and vacuolation of cell bodies, increased apoptosis, and abnormal secretion of cytokines, etc.damage the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), increase the permeability of BRB and accelerate the exudation of subretinal fluid.In addition, Müller cells can disrupt the regulation of K + and water transportation, obstruct the fluid absorption in the subretinal space and promote the formation of DME.However, in the early stage of DR, neurotrophic factors secreted by Müller cells can protect the retina by alleviating retinal edema and protecting optic ganglion cells, suggesting that Müller cells can be used as targets for DME treatment.Therefore, new strategies can be provided by fully exploring the role and mechanism of Müller cells in the formation of DME.In this paper, the mechanism of Müller cells in DME and its protective role in the progression of DME were reviewed.

To date, killing cancer cells by cytotoxic drugs is still the mainstay of treatment for different types of cancer. Tumor cells can not be specifically identified by cytotoxic drugs, which may also kill other normal cells. The number of cells in immune system, including lymphocytes and granulocytes, may decrease after chemotherapy with cytotoxic drugs. Therefore, it has been generally recognized for many years that the chemotherapeutic drugs will suppress immune system. However, recent studies have demonstrated that some chemotherapeutic drugs can suppress tumor growth by promoting antitumor immune responses instead of suppressing these responses through modulating the anti-tumor immune responses by changing the immunogenicity of tumor cells, enhancing the immunocompetence of immune-related cells such as dendritic cells, and decreasing the number of immunosuppressive cells. These findings may change the recognization of the role for conventional chemotherapy in anti-tumor treatment, and it will be helpful to optimize the chemotherapy strategies more reasonably. Copyright© 2011 by TUMOR.

Lymphatic vessels are important for the spread of solid tumors, and recent researches indicated that lymphangiogenic factors(VEGF C and VEGF D)could stimulate lymphangiogenesis in tumors by activating their receptors on the lymphatic endothelial cells, then enhance the incidence of lymph node metastasis. In addition, inhibition of VEGFR 3 signaling could suppress tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis to lymph nodes, thus, inhibition of lymphangiogenesis can be expected to be a new method of blocking tumor metastasis.

Cutaneous wound healing is a complicated multiatep process with numerous mediators that act in a network of activation and inhibition processes. Nonhealing chronic wounds decrease the quality of Life. Recombinant growth factors, currently used in clinic, fail to provide a sustained repair function at the wound due to their inadequate biological availability and transient half-time. Recent attention has focused on gene therapy, which might become a significant treatment modality for those wound healing pathologies refractory to other wound management approaches. This review discusses the potentials and limitations of current genetherapy for the treatment of wounds, current ongoing clinical trials, and possible future directions in this exciting field.

0.05)but a statistical difference between groups I and groups III(P

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the influence of Shanghai Guiding Principles of Clinical Use of Antibiotics Implementing Rules(Trial)(named Implementing Rules for short) on prophylactic use of drugs in patients underwent general surgery operation.METHODS:In retrospective study,inpatients of general surgery department in our hospital from Sep.2006 to Feb.2008 were divided into 3 groups(Group 1:6 months before Implementing Rules issued;Group 2:0～6 months after Implementing Rules issued;Group 3:7～12 months after Implementing Rules issued).The utilization of antibiotics was analyzed as well as its rationality.RESULTS:A total of 1 308 cases were enrolled.The utilization frequency of antibiotics was 3 463.Less than half of cases met the indication of antibiotics while the rate of drug sensitivity test was 1.2%.The treatment courses of 3 groups were(3.4?4.3) d,(3.3?2.9) d and(3.1?3.0) d.The proportions of rational drug use were 36.5%,35.1% and 40.7%.But the selection of antibiotics,drug combination and ADR report were not significantly improved.CONCLUSION:The issue of Implementing Rules has promoted the rational use of antibiotics in general surgery department.Further training and monitoring are needed.