Sports biomechanics is a strong experimental frontier branches of science and aims to study human body motion,to explore human motion rule by human anatomy,human physiology,mechanics theories and methods. Studies on muscle mechanics are basis of studying sports biomechanics and movement training. Muscular mechanical property is very complex,and related to composition of muscle. Under different sports conditions,biomechanics characteristics of skeletal muscle are different,so the sports injuries are varied.

Sports biomechanics, as a branch of biomechanics, studies mechanics characteristics and mechanics relationship of human internal locomotor system and human external bodily movement to fundamentally understand the rule of biomechanics characteristics under the sports condition. Muscular function and mechanics characteristics are a basis of human motion, and muscle mechanics is a basis of sports biomechanics research and sports training.

Joint ligament injury often occurs in basketball sports,therefore,research on characteristics of joint cruciate ligament injury is helpful for the prevention and therapy for joint ligament injury.The manuscript introduces the biomechanical characteristics of knee joint cruciate ligament in the moving state,biological problems involved in repair,as well as the application of artificial ligament in knee joint crucriate ligament injury and its advantages and disadvantages.Various kinds of artificial ligament can be used for the repair of ligament injury,such as polyhexene,poly(ethylene terephthalate),carbon fibers,polyester,polydioxnon,polylactic acid.If we can perfect the artificial ligament,it will be more beneficial to its application in repair of ligament injury.

A Basketball sport is characterized by high exercise intensity, intense antagonism, many physical contacts, and agility. A series of injuries occurs in basketball sports. Tendon adhesion following basketball sports injury is a big problem puzzling athletes for a long time, which affect training and sport technique. Many scholars has been engaged in studying the methods prevent tendon adhesion following basketball sports injury. The article reviews the preventive effects of several biomaterials, such as chitosan, absorbable anti-adhesive film, sodium hyaluronate, polylactic acid, on tendon adhesion following basketball sports injury.

Autoimmunity is influenced by genetic,immune,hormonal,and environmental factors.Viral infections may trigger autoimmunity.It has been established that autoimmunity may be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of heart disease.Myocarditis is defined as inflammation of the heart muscle associated with impaired function of the myocardium.Myocarditis is considered as the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy.Myocarditis may be caused by infectious factors and noninfectious factors,noninfectious factors including autoimmune diseases with myocarditis.To gain a better understanding of autoimmune myocarditis,we summarize the pathogenesis and clinical significance of autoimmune myocarditis.

Objective: To investigate the socio-demographic and cultural factors of spousal violence(SV) in order to provide systematic basis of SV prevention.Methods: By using multistage stratified sampling methods,3087 households were selected from Chenzhou city in Hunan Province.After screening,384 households had SV.Among them 80 households were randomly selected for study,in which 80 perpetrators were not in the domestic violence(DV) group.For the non-DV group,after matching of family’s structure,96 households without violence behavior were selected,in which after matching of gender and age with perpetrators,96 normal controls were enrolled.Results: The ratio of male perpetrators(81.3%) was more than female(18.7%),but female(81.3%) was more than male(19%) victims(P

Objective To explore the clinical and MSCT manifestations of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung diseases.Methods Totally 102 patients with proved NTM lung diseases (NTM group) and 102 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB group) were included in the study.MSCT image and clinical data of patients were retrospectively analyzed.The t/x2 test were used to analyze the differences of clinical and imaging findings between two groups.Results The main clinical symptoms of NTM group were cough,expectoration,hemoptysis and shortness of breath after activity,which had no significant differences between two groups (all P＞ 0.05).NTM lung diseases patients often associated with chronic lung diseases such as pulmonary tuberculosis,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,pulmonary heart disease.The differences were significant between two groups (all P＜0.05).The main CT manifestations of NTM lung diseases included centrilobular nodules (89/102,87.25％),bronchiectasis (67/102,65.69％) and patchy consolidation (64/102,62.75％).Secondly,fiber cable disease,thin-wall cavities and pleural incrassation were common found.The detection rate of centrilobular nodules,bronchiectasis and thin-wall cavities in NTM group were significantly higher than those in TB group (x2 =3.995,22.675,12.823,respectively,all P＜0.05).Bronchiectasis were often found in the right middle lobe and/or left lingula lobe.Conclusion NTM lung diseases patients often associate with chronic lung disease.The CT manifestations of NTM lung diseases have certain characteristics.Especially when the bronchiectasis occurred in the right middle lobe and/or left lingular lobe and accompany by the centrilobular nodules,thin-wall cavity and antituberculous therapy being invalid,NTM lung diseases should be considered.

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid hormone.Vitamin D receptor(VDR),a type of nuclear receptor,recognized by Vitamin D has many biological functions and the pathway of 1,25 (OH)2D3/VDR plays an important role in human such as regulating calcium phosphate metabolism,glucose metabolism,lipid metabolism and water metabolism.Water channel protein aquaporin(AQP) is a kind of smaller hydrophobic trans-membrahe proteins,expressed in cell membrane of renal tubules,endocrine glands and red blood cells.Aquaporin plays a key role in the regulation of water balance and metabolism.Vitamin D has a positive effect in diabetic nephropathy via inhibiting renin-angiotensin system,while aquaporin is a new biological marker of chronic kidney disease and kidney injury.Latest studies have showed that the expression of aquaporin can be regulated by vitamin D.Therefore,Vitamin D and aquaoprin play an important role in chronic kidney disease and kidney injury.

This article summarized the application of PBL in psychiatric teaching practice.In PBL teaching practice,questions should be designed according to various aims of teaching,and questions should be asked in various stage of class and with various forms so as to inspire the students to explore new things and make them combine their self-study with mutual study

Objective:To compare the current status of domestic violence(DV)by geographic settings in Hunan province.Methods:Using a multi-stage sampling strategy,3087 households in urban,3070 in rural areas and 3294 in industrial district in Hunan were surveyed.Multiform clue investigation and face-to-face interviews were combined to investigate the current status of DV.Results:The lifetime and 12-month prevalence of spousal abuse,child abuse and elder abuse varied significantly by geographic settings(P