As human subject protection become more and more significant in China,it' s imperative for China to learn more experiences from U.S for which developed a normative and well designed HRPP system during past decades.In this article,we gave a brief introduction of the Human Subject Protection Program at Duke University to help us have a better understanding of the HRPP at institutional level.After which we have further discussion of the status quo and challenges facing in HRPP construction in China,especially,Peking University as an example.

BACKGROUND:Early diagnosis and accurate treatment of ligament injuries are the premise of avoiding chronic instability of knee joint and promoting functional recovery of knee joint.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the clinical efficacy of limited incision with autologous tendon graft for knee ligament injury.
METHODS:Eighty patients with knee ligament damage were randomly divided into two groups. The cases of control group were given orthosis treatment, and the cases of observation group were treated with the limited incision plus autologous tendon graft.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At 6 months post-treatment, the excellent efficacy rate and postoperative quality of life score were increased in the observation group, compared with the control group (P<0.05). The active and passive ranges of motion of knee joint in the observation group were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). At 3 months post-treatment, Lysholmp scores of the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). Limited incision plus autologous tendon graft treatment can significantly improve knee function after knee ligament injury.

Surface topography of the Anisakis type I 3rd stage larva (L3), the main pathogen of anisakiasis, was observed by scanning electron microscope under magnifications of 400 to 14000X. The head bears a trapezoid undivided lip mass, with 2 mammillary elevations at the middle of the two lateral sides and a cuticular boring tooth on its ventral side. The mouth leading into the esophagus is situated in the centre of the centrally located cuticular elevation of the lip mass. The excretory pore opens ventrally just behind the boring tooth. The surface of the lip mass shows fine striations, but looks smooth elsewhere. Neither flat papillae nor minute "teeth" or "hairs" described hither to have been observed. The cuticle of the body surface shows shallow and irregular annular grooves and folds and numerous fine longitudinal micro-furrows and cristae. These surface markings appear uniformly from head to tail and to the utmost end of the pagoda like mucrones at the tip of the tail. The ventrally located crescent anus is situated about 90?m from the base of the mucron.

ObjectivesTo study the effect of community interventions and management on asthma in children and its impact on knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP)of parents and the home environment.MethodsAn asthma health management profile of 0 to 14-year-old asthmatic children (n =93 ) in Sanlitun and Liulitun communities in Chaoyang District in Beijing was established.The children were randomly divided into a management group ( n =49) and control group ( n =44 ) based on community.Community-integrated management,such as regular follow-up,condition monitoring and health education,was implemented in the asthmatic children in the management group but not in the control group.The parents' KAP and the household environment in the two groups were compared after 1 year based on the changes shown in the health management profile.ResultsThe asthma relapse rate decreased to 27.9％ (12/43) in the management group.Compared with the control group,the rates of hospitalization (x2 =8.174,P =0.004) and school absences ( x2 =4.962,P =0.026) significantly decreased.The KAP level of parents increased to 67.4％ ( 29/43 ) in the management group and 20.4％ (9/44) in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =19.517,P ＜0.01 ).Knowledge improved the most and showed a significant difference from the control group ( x2 =19.517,P ＜0.01 ).Home environment in the management group improved to 76.7％ (33/43).The number of indoor pets ( x2 =3.906,P =0.048) and indoor cockroaches ( x2 =4.962,P =0.026 ) reduced and showed significant differences between the two groups.In addition,children's allergy-related symptoms decreased to 30.2％ ( 13/43 ) in the management group compared with 9.1％ (4/44) in the control group,which was a significant difference ( x2 =6.183,P =0.013).ConclusionsParents' knowledge of asthma,compliance behaviors,and home environmentwere effectively improved through community-integrated management.This management technique can reduce the allergy-related symptoms of asthmatic children,improve asthma severity,and reduce the influence of asthma on children's daily lives.

Objective To investigate the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) pathway in the protective effect of remifentanil or ischemic preconditioning (IPC) against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats.Methods One hundred and forty-four male SD rats,weighing 200-250 g,were randomly assigned into 6 group ( n =24 each):sham operation group (group S),I/R group,remifentanil group (group R),IPC group,SB203580 (a specific p38MAPK inhibitor) + remifentanil group (group SB + R),and SB + IPC group.The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 20％ urethane 1 mg/kg.Partial liver ischemia was produced by clamping the hepatic pedicle supplying left lobe and middle lobe for 30 min,followed by 120 min reperfusion.In group R,remifentanil was infused intravenously at 2μg· kg- 1 · min- 1 starting from 30 min before ischemia until the end of reperfusion.In IPC group,the rats were subjected to 3 episodes of 5 min ischemia at 5 min intervals before I/R.SB203580 0.2 mg/kg was injected intravenously at 5 min before remifentanil infusion or IPC in groups SB + R and SB + IPC,and the equal volume of normal saline was given in the other groups.Six rats in each group were selected at 30,60,90 and 120 min of reperfusion and venous blood samples were taken from inferior vena cava for measurement of serum ALT and AST activities and concentrations of TNF-a and 1L-1β.The rats were then sacrificed and liver tissues were taken for microscopic examination and determination of phosphor-p38MAPK expression by Western blot.Results Compared with group S,serum AST and ALT activities and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly increased at each time point (P ＜ 0.05) and pathological injury was aggravated in group I/R.Compared with group I/R,serum AST and ALT activities and serum levels of TNF-a and IL-lβ were significantly decreased and phosphor-p38MAPK expression was up-regulated at 90 min of reperfusion in groups R and IPC ( P ＜ 0.05).The serum AST and ALT activities and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly increased,phosphor-p38MAPK expression was down-regulated at 90 min of reperfusion ( P ＜ 0.05),and pathological injury was aggravated in group SB + R compared with group R,and in group SB + IPC compared with group IPC.Conclusion Activation of p38MAPK pathway and inhibition of inflammatory response may be involved in the mechanism by which remifentanil or IPC reduces the hepatic I/R injury in rats.

Cell immobilization is a new biotechnology The definition, classification, and carrier selection of cell immobilization are presented in details The technique is efficiently applied to treating strength organic wastewater, nutrient and heavy metals removal of wastewater, as well as hardly biodegradated wastewater It has a widely applied prospect in wastewater treatment

This review is about advantages of exclusive breastfeeding and status, the necessity of improving exclusive breastfeeding rate, the importance of improving exclusive breastfeeding rate within 1weekafter delivery, and the related factors influencing the exclusive breastfeeding. On the basis of this, the paper points out the future research direction, aims to find out the main cause which reduce breastfeeding rate within one week after delivery, and then provide new evidence for intervention measures, in order to improve breastfeeding rate within one week after delivery, so as to improve the rate of exclusive breastfeeding.

Objective To determine the relationship of cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acids with impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in the healthy elderly. Methods A case-control study was employed.The study enrolled 60 healthy young adults (group A) and 60 healthy senior citizens (group B) of Han population in Shanghai. Serum contents of 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (14,15-DHET) (a stable metabolite of 14,15-EET), 6-Kote-PGF1a (a stable metabolite of prostaglandin) and TXB2 (a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2) were measured using ELISA kits. The endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (EDV) and endothelium-independent vasorelaxation (NEDV) in brachial arteries were determined by color Doppler ultrasound. Results Compared with group A, group B had significant higher levels of hemoglobin A1c, triglyceride and cholesterol levels (P＜0.01), and significant lower levels of 14,15-DHET and 6-Kote-PGF1a (P＜0.001), leading to increased values of TXB2/6-Kote-PGF1a and TXB2/14,15-DHET. There was bigger basal interior diameter of brachial arterials with reduced EDV and NEDV response (P＜0.01 and P＜0.05, vs. group A respectively) in group B. Moreover, the age was negatively correlated with 14,15-DHET and TXB2/14,15-DHET. Conclusions Our results indicate that the impaired EDV and NEDV in aging are associated with reduced production of arachidonic acid metabolites through cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase pathway and cyooxygenase pathway of endothelium in the healthy elderly.

Objective During pregnancy , exosomes can be released from the placenta into maternal circulation and play im-portant roles in normal pregnancy or placenta-related diseases .We aimed to establish a simple and efficient method for isolating and i-dentifying placental exosomes from maternal serum and lay a foundation for the studies of pregnancy -related diseases . Methods Using sucrose gradient centrifugation with 8% PEG6000 precipitation twice , we isolated and purified placenta-derived exosomes from normal maternal serum and detected their molecular markers CD 63 , CD81 and PLAP by Western blot , followed by silver staining anal-ysis of the protein profile of the exosome pellet .We identified the morphology of the placenta-derived exosomes by transmission electron microscopy ( TEM) and measured the size and distribution of the particles by dynamic light scattering ( DLS) . Results Silver stai-ning of the protein profiles of the exosomes after sucrose gradient centrifugation clearly revealed the bands of the protein molecules . Western blot showed the expressions of CD 63, CD81, and PLAP in the 21-34%density layer, which demonstrated the presence of serum placental exosomes mainly in the 1.09-1.16 g/mL density layer.TEM exhibited that the placenta-derived exosomes were round or oval cup-shaped, specifically expressing PLAP, and the particles were uniform in size, with a mean diameter of (41.79 ±11.94) nm. Conclusion A simple, fast, and efficient method was successfully established for isolating placenta-derived exosomes from ma-ternal serum, which provides a basis for studying the roles of placental exosomes in normal pregnancy and placenta -related diseases.

This study was aimed to select the best preparation form of medicinal in camellia cake,based on the optimal antithrombotic agents in oil tea camellia defatted cake to establish the foundation of research.The content of effective index component of the oil tea camellia defatted cake preparation was detected by HPLC-PDA.The quality of medicinal preparation from oil tea camellia defatted cake was characterized based on the content,relative quantity,relative ratio of content,yield rate and antithrombotic effect.The results showed that the effect of antithrombotic of three medicinal preparations from oil tea camellia defatted cake was listed in the following descending order of enrichment,ethanol extract,and water extract.The enrichment was the best preparation form of medicinal in oil tea camellia defatted cake preparation with the highest content of effective index components,the lowest extract rate and the lowest dosage.But it had the best effect of antithrombotic.It was concluded that the significant improvement of efficacy was due to the increase of the content of the components in the preparation and the rationality of the proportion.At the same time,analysis of component quality based on basic composition of drug system through the consideration of effective components of type and quantity,composition and other quality factors can further guide the preparation of drugs.