Objective To investigate the efficacy of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment of patients with alcohol dependence,anxiety and depression,and sleep problems.Methods 80 patients with alcohol-dependent patients were randomly divided into experimental group (40 cases) and control group (40 cases).All patients received routine treatment and care,the experimental group received additional rTMS to stimulate parts of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal region (DLPFC) 2 brain regions,each side 15 minutes at frequency of 1Hz,patient motion stimulus,intensity threshold (MT) of 80％,five times a week rTMS treatment,a total of 8 weeks,the control group received stimulation coil.Subjects were interviewed,as the time for the baseline,2 weeks,4 weeks and 8 weeks,assessment tools for the hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA),Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD),Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI).Results Compared with the pre-treatment,HAMA scores (19.5 ± 6.4,13.8± 5.3,7.3± 5.4 respectively) were significantly lower in 2,4,8 weeks after treatment (t 2 =11.29,P＜0.01;t 4=15.26,P＜0.01;t s =9.40,P＜0.01).Compared with the control group,HAMA scores were significantly lower in the experimental group after treatment (P＜0.01).Compared with the pretreatment group HAMD scores(17.5±6.6,11.2±4.9,6.1±5.2 respectively)were significantly lower in 2,4,8 weeks after treatment (t 2 =15.54,P＜0.01;t 4 =16.68,P＜0.01;t s =18.77,P＜0.01).Compared with the control group,HAMD scores were significantly lower in the experimental group after treatment (P＜0.01).Compared with the control group,PSQI scores were significantly lower in the experimental group in 2,4,8 weeks after treatment (t 2 =26.39,P＜0.01;t4=15.21,P＜0.01;ts=46.35,P＜0.01).Condusion Low-frequency rTMS treatment for alcohol dependence withdrawal symptoms can improve symptoms,such as anxiety and depression,sleep status.

AIM: To observe the changes of morphology, the activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and membrane pump activities of spleen tissue in acute renal failure (ARF) rabbits, and to inquire into the role of spleen on pathogenesis of immune function disorders during ARF. METHODS: 42 rabbits were divided into control group, HgCl_2 group and glycerinum group. The ARF model was established by hypodermic injection of 1% HgCl_2 at dose of 1.3 mL/kg in HgCl_2 group, intramuscularly injection of 50% glycerinum at dose of 10 mL/kg in glycerinum group, respectively, and the animals were divided into the 12 h, 24 h, 48 h secondary groups (6 rabbits each group). At different time points, the rabbits were cannulated to facilitate the collection of blood sample to examine the biochemical indexes of renal function. The spleen microscopic sections were prepared for observing the morphology. The spleen homogenate was made for determining the activities of MPO and membrane pumping. RESULTS: Pathological sections of spleen showed that the different degree of congestion was found and spleen trabecula was increased in two model groups at multiple-time points. The MPO activity of spleen homogenate in HgCl_2 group and glycerinum group at all time points were obviously higher than that in control group, and at 24 h, the MPO activitie in two model groups was significantly increased than that in the same group at 12 h and 48 h. The activities of Na~+-K~+-ATPase, Ca~(2+)-ATPase, Mg~(2+)-ATPase, Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)-ATPase of spleen homogenate in two model groups at multiple time points were significantly lower than those in control group. Following ARF development, the ATPase activitie in two model groups at 48 h was lower than that at 12 h except the Mg~(2+)-ATPase in glycerinum group. CONCLUSION: Spleen as an immune organ has histological damage, arrest of polymorphonuclear neutrophils and dysfunction of membrane pump during the development of ARF in rabbits, leading to immune disorders.

Objective:To assess the possibility of suicide in setting condition among urban and rural residents samples in northern China.Methods:By randomly sampling,1007 persons aged 18 years or older were selected from 10 urban neighborhoods in Beijing and from 10 rural village in Hebei province.The Survey Schedule of Atti-tudes in China in which 24 negative life events were listed,and the possibility of committing suicide was asked to the subjects when they encountered the supposed events.Results:The rates of thinking about committing suicide when encountered the supposed life events were 65.2% of incurable illness,62.0% of burden on other and no future hope,61.2% of drug dependence,57.3% of large debt due to gambling,54.2% of being raped, 51.6% of severe depression,50.7% of being elderly and no family to provide support.Only 14.6% of the ur-ban and rural residents would not consider suicide when encountered any type of supposed problems.Conclusion:There is higher possibility of considering suicide in urban and rural residents when encountered negative life events, so it is important to give support to the residents with one or more life events.

Objective To study the epidemiology,pathologies and clinical manifestations of renal diseases in elderly patients of different genders in China northwest region.Methods Retrospective analysis was used to evaluate the clinical and pathological informations of patients above 60 years old who underwent renal biopsy and had the integrated data in the past 20 years.Results (1)Among the 559 patients,there were 347 men accounting for 62.1％,and there were 212 women accounting for 37.9％ ； the average age was (66.7±5.3)years,the median course of disease was 5.0months when receiving renal biopsy,and 50％ cases was (1.3 ～ 12.0)months.(2) Primary glomerulopathy accounted for 69.59％(389/559),secondary glomerulopathy,tubulointerstitial disease and the others accounted for 25.4％ (142/559),3.8％ (21/559) and 1.3％ (7/559),respectively.(3)According to clinical manifestation,nephrotic syndrome was the most common disease(accounting for 60.7％),and then chronic glomerulonephritis accounted for 31.6％.In pathology,membranous nephropathy was the most frequently category accounting for 34.5％,then mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis accounted for 32.4％.(4) Among secondary glomerulopathy,the frequent diseases were primary polyangitis,diabetic nephropathy,amyloidosis of kidney and lupus nephritis,accounting for 24.7％,19.7 ％,13.4 ％ and 10.6 ％,respectively,and the number of women was more than men in lupus nephritis(P＜0.05).(5) The common diseases of primary glomerulopathy that would result in renal insufficiency were nephrotic syndrome and chronic glomerulonephritis,accounting for 76.5 ％ (26/34)and 76.2 ％ (48/63),respectively,and the common pathological type was both mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.The common diseases of secondary glomerulopathy that would result in renal insufficiency were primary small vessel vasculitis and diabetic nephropathy,accounting for 46.3％(19/41)and 34.4％(11/32),respectively.Conclusions (1)the number of men was more than women in this group,and was opposite in lupus nephritis.(2) The most common disease was primary glomerulopathy,as for clinical manifestation,nephrotic syndrome and chronic glomerulonephritis were most common； the most common pathological type were membranous nephropathy and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.(3) The common disease resulting in secondary kidney damage were primary small-vessel vasculitis and diabetic nephropathy.(4)The pathological type of disease resulting in renal insufficiency was mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis,the common diseases resulting in acute renal insufficiency were nephrotic syndrome,primary small vessel vasculitis,and those resulting in chronic renal insufficiency were chronic glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of the combined therapy of daoyin prescription and cognitive training on vascular dementia(VD).Methods Totally 75 patients with VD were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups:daoyin prescription,cognitive training and two combined treatments(n =25 each) for 3 months.Mini mental state examination(MMSE),Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment(LOTCA)and activities of daily living scale(ADL)were used for assessing therapeutic efficacy among three treatment groups.Results There were no significant differences in baseline clinical data among the three groups (P ＞ 0.05),possessing data comparability.Scores of MMSE,LOTCA,ADL and LOTCA subitems of orientation,visual perception,spatial perception,visual movement,thinking operation and attention were significantly improved in the 3 groups after 3 months intervention versus pre-treatment with three treatments(all P＜0.01).There were significant differences in scores of MMSE,LOTCA,ADL and LOTCA subitems of orientation,visual perception,visuo-motor organization and attention between combination therapy group versus daoyin prescription group and cognitive training group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions Combined treatments of daoyin prescription and cognitive training have better effect on vascular cognitive function in patients with and VD.It can markedly improve the activities of daily living and cognitive function.It is worthy of further research in clinical medicine.

OBJECTIVETo compare the efficacy between left radial approach (LRA) and right radial approach (RRA) for coronary angiography (CAG).

METHODSThe following databases were searched, including PubMed, Embase, Web of science, Cochrane Library, CBM, VIP, Wanfang databases and CNKI, from creation of database to January 2013. Two reviewers extracted data independently, according to inclusive criteria, exclusion criteria and methods of Cochrane Collaboration. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager Software (RevMan 5.1).

RESULTSEleven trials with 5 442 patients were included in the systematic review. The results of meta-analysis showed that when compared with RRA, LRA did not increase the failure rate of the procedures (OR = 1.04, 95%CI 0.80-1.35, P > 0.05) and amount of contrast medium (mean difference = 2.39, 95%CI -0.30-5.08), P > 0.05). However, LRA was superior to RRA in reducing fluoroscopy time (standardized mean difference = 0.15, 95%CI 0.06-0.24, P < 0.01). In addition, the incidence of severe tortuosity of subclavian artery was significantly lower with LRA (OR = 4.65, 95%CI 1.98-10.88, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSBased on the current evidence, LRA shares similar safety with RRA for CAG and is superior to RRA in certain respects. LRA can thus be used either as an alternative approach or routine approach for CAG.

Objective To investigate the relationship of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on admission and angiographic no-reflow phenomenon in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods 232 patients who had undergone PCI between 2010 and 2013,were included and divided into two groups based upon the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow gradings.No-reflow was defined as post-PCI TIMI Grade 0,1 and 2 flows (group Ⅰ).Normal-flow was defined as TIMI 3 flow (group Ⅱ).Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to identify the predictive effect of NLR on no-reflow phenomenon.Relationship of NLR and no-reflow was assessed by multivariate logistic regression.All statistical calculations and analyses were performed using SPSS 11.0.Results NLR was significantly higher in group Ⅰ (n=45) compared with group Ⅱ (n=187) [4.1 (2.4-6.5) vs.2.4 (1.7-3.8),P=0.001].In ROC analysis,NLR＞3.2 predicted no reflow with 80％ sensitivity and 73％ specificity.Patients with elevated NLR had a higher incidence of no-reflow phenomenon than those with non-elevated NLR (34.8％ vs.9.3％,P＜0.001).Also,NLR (＞3.2) was an independent predictor of no-reflow development [odds ratio 3.70,95％ confidence interval (1.39-9.80),P=0.009].Conclusion NLR was an independent predicator for no-reflow development in STEMI patients who had undergone PCI.This simple and low-cost parameter could provide useful information for the early risk evaluation on these patients.

Objective:To determine the correlations of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with atrial fibrillation (AF) in the Chinese Han population from the central plains.Methods:A total of 168 hospitalized patients,including 56 AF and 112 controls,were recruited in this case-control study.The clinical data were obtained from the medical records.All 5 SNPs,rs337711 in KCNN2,rs11264280 near KCNN3,rs17042171 near PITX2,rs6771157 and rs6795970 in SCN10A,were genotyped using amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction or direct sequencing.The x2 test was used to compare categorical variables and preliminarily examine correlations between the genotype frequencies and AF.Subsequently,a logistic regression model was constructed to determine the associations between the SNPs and AF based on the above screened results.Odds ratios (ORs) and 95％ confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the strength of the correlations.Moreover,we downloaded the genotype data from the HapMap Project for linkage disequilibrium analysis ofrs17042171.Results:AF patients were likely to be of older age and longer left atrial diameter and had more coronary artery disease and higher hypertension compared with the control group (P＜0.05).Among the 5 SNPs,the frequency distribution of genotype AA for rs17042171 was significantly different between the AF and control groups (P＜0.05).After adjusting for several covariates,there was still a high risk ratio in patients with the AA genotype compared with the AC+CC genotype (OR:5.591,95％CI 2.176 to 14.365,P-B＜0.008).Similarly,stratification analysis on the AA genotype demonstrated significant differences between rs17042171 and persistent AF.However,there were not significant correlations between AF and the control groups for the other 4 SNPs (P＜0.05).Conclusion:Rs17042171,near PITX2 on chromosome 4q25,is associated with AF susceptibility in the Chinese Han population from the central plains,suggesting that this SNP can provide a new strategy for clinical diagnosis in AF patients.

Objective To investigate the tumor/ non-tumor (T/ NT) ratio during 99 Tcm-hydrazinon-icotinamide(HYNIC)-( poly-( ethylene glycol), PEG) 4-Glu( cyclo ( Arg-Gly-Asp-D-Phe-Lys ( PEG4 ))) 2 ( 99 Tcm-3PRGD2 ) SPECT/ CT imaging and clinical pathological features of breast cancer. Methods Forty-five female patients (age range: 39-76 (53.0±9.5) years) with suspected breast malignant nodules or mas-ses from October 2016 to June 2017 were prospectively enrolled. Patients underwent 99 Tcm-3PRGD2 SPECT/CT imaging before breast puncture and surgery. All subjects had pathological results, and estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2), Ki-67 and mi-crovessel density ( MVD) were obtained by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH). Two-sample t test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to analyze the data. Results Invasive duc-tal carcinoma was pathologically confirmed in 35 of 45 patients. There were 7 patients in stage Ⅰ, 11 pa-tients in stage ⅡA and 17 patients in stage ⅡB. The Luminal A subtype, Luminal B subtype, ERBB2+subtype, Basal-like subtype were found in 6, 9, 9 and 11 patients, respectively. The T/ NT ratio was signifi-cantly higher in the stageⅡB patients than that in stageⅠ+ⅡA patients (4.54±1.46 vs 3.32±1.72, t= -2.24, P<0.05). Patients with ERBB2+ subtype had higher T/ NT ratio compared to patients with Basal-like sub-type: 5.80(3.90, 6.70) vs 2.80(2.20,3.50), H= 11.06, χ2 = 15.31, both P<0.05. Besides, the T/ NT ra-tios in the HER-2 positive group and lymphatic metastasis group were significantly higher than those in the HER-2 negative group and group without lymph node metastasis (t values: -3.99, -2.51, both P<0.05). MVD of HER-2 positive group was higher than that of HER-2 negative group (t= 7.13, P<0.01). Conclu-sion The T/ NT ratio during 99 Tcm-3PRGD2 SPECT/ CT imaging has relations with TNM staging, lymph node infiltration and HER-2 in breast cancer.

The purpose of this paper is to optimize the course construction and teaching process of psychopharmacology， and analyze the problems in the course of teaching and assessment of psychopharmacology from many aspects. This article is to deeply excavate the space for improvement， and enrich the teaching links by using existing conditions， technology and personnel to enhance the teaching effect and improve the teaching quality， so as to provide references for the reform of similar course teaching.