Objective To interpret genetic variation and population structure of Anopheles dirus A and D from China by molecular marker. Methods Samples included An. dirus A of Hainan laboratory colony (n=13), and field specimen from Mengla (n=17) and Jiangcheng (n=17) in Yunnan Province. The specimens were identified by PCR assay before study. mtDNA-COⅠ region was amplified and sequenced. Genetic variation and population structure was estimated according to sequence data. Results The mtDNA-COⅠ gene with a length of 959 bp was analyzed. There were three haplotypes in An. dirus A and six haplotypes in An. dirus D. The above haplotypes distributed in three populations unif-ormly. The average number of pairwise differences within Mengla population (7.441 2) was greater than that of Jiangcheng (1.279 4) and Hainan (1.051 3) populations, which suggested that the level of genetic divergence was the highest within Mengla population. The result of hierarchical AMOVA estimation showed a limited geneflow (Fst=0.799 9), therefore the variation level in a population (20.01%) was smaller than among the populations (79.99%). Conclusion The inter-specific genetic variation between An. dirus A and D in China was small and the level of divergence among individuals was high.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of portal blood flow on rat's liver with prehepatic portal hypertension.MethodsSixty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups:partial portal vein transfixation group( A,n =20),hepatic artery transfixation after partial portal veins transfixation group( B,n =20),hepatic artery transfixation group (C,n =10),SO group( D,n =10 ),hepatic artery and partial portal vein transfixation group ( E,n =6 ).The mortality as well as the biochemical examination wereobserved at the 12th week after operation.Then the density of the microvascular in portal area and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression of intro-hepatic bile duct epithelium were determined by immunohistochemical staining method.The ultra microstructure changes of hepatocytes were observed under transmission electron microscope.Results Biochemical examination,including glutamic-oxa-lacetic transaminase,glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and total protein,showed no significant differences anong all groups (P ＞0.05) at the 12th week after operation.Glutamie-oxalacetic transaminase in group A,in group B,in group C and in group D are (132.69±21.03) U/L,(154.40±28.73) U/L,(125.84±26.60) U/L,(134.02±18.42) U/L; glutamic- pyruvic transaminase in group A,in group B,in group C and in group Dare (39.33±8.62) U/L,(44.84 t9.47)U/L,(40.41±8.04) U/L,(38.47±7.29) U/L.Compared with groups C and D,the mortality rate (group A 20％ ; group B 25％),and the microvascular number in portal area increased obviously in group B and A(P ＜0.05).The proliferating cell nuclear antigen expressions of intra-hepatic bile duct epithelium increased significantly in group B (mean optical density 0.345±0.027 compared with the rest groups mean optical density in group A,in group C and in group D are 0.264 ± 0.015,0.258±0.022,0.249±0.021 ) ( P ＜ 0.01 ) ; fat accumulation in the hepatocytes and mitochondria vacuolization were observed under transmission electron microscopic in group A and group B.ConclusionsThe portohepatic collateral circulation still has its significance in liver blood supply of prehepatio portal hypertensive rat; the epithelium of intra-hepatic bile duct was mildly damaged and the microvascular number in hepatic portal area increased as well as the fat accumulated in hepatocytes of prehepatic portal hypertensive rat; if the hepatic artery blood supply is lost,these changes would become more obviously.

Objective To study the genetic basis for biovar conversion of Y. pestis. Methods In silico comparative genomic analysis was conducted and some critical genetic variations of Yersinia pestis were comparatively analyzed by means of PCR and DNA sequencing. Results A 93bp in-frame deletion in glpD gene results in the glycerol negative characteristic of Orientalis strains. A point mutation in the napA gene may cause the negative characteristic of nitrate reduction in Mediaevalis and Microus strains. A 122-bp frameshift deletion in the araC gene may lead to the arabinose negative phenotype of Microus strains. Conclusion In this study, Microtus strains with their unique pathogenic, biochemical and molecular features, were proposed as a novel biovar Microtus. In the light of its differential ability to ferment glycerol and arabinose and to reduce nitrate, Y. pestis can be classified into four biovars-Antiqua(glycerol positive, arabinose positive and nitrate positive), Mediaevalis(glycerol positive, arabinose positive and nitrate negative), Orientalis(glycerol negative, arabinose positive and nitrate positive), and Microtus(glycerol positive, arabinose negative and nitrate negative).

Objective To study the genome dynamics of Y. pestis and look for the relationship between its genome microevolution and niche adaption.Methods The DNA microarray combined with PCR was used to perform comparative genomic analysis of natural populations of Y.pestis.Results It was revealed that considerable genome dynamics of Y. pestis were the result of gene acquisition and loss in genome. We established a genomotyping system to group homologous isolates of Y. pestis, drew an outline of parallel microevolution of the Y. pestis genome, and established the link between the bacterial niche adaptation and genome microevolution.Conclusion The transmission, colonization and expansion of Y. pestis in natural foci are the results of its parallel, directional and gradual adaptation to the complex interactions among the environment, the hosts, and the pathogen itself.

Objective To identify the DNA tag sequences with the purpose of rapid and specific characterization of Y. pestis. Methods DNA microarray hybridization combined with PCR was used to perform genomic comparison between strains of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis in order to screen and identify Y. pestis-specific genes. Results Twenty eight signature genes of Y. pestis were discovered. Three pairs of Y. pestis-specific primers were designed according to tag genes and proved to amplify the specific sequences of the target bacterium, showing no cross-reaction with the closely related Y. pseudotuberculosis and a large collection of genomic DNAs from other organisms. Conclusion DNA tag sequence is an ideal target for the rapid detection and identification of Y. pestis by PCR method.

Objective To study genetic variations of pgm locus and its flanking regions in Yersinia pestis isolated from Chinese natural focus so as to understand differences in virulence between different strains and to improve the prevention of plague. Methods We analysed the sequence variations of pgm locus and its flanking regions by using PCR-sequencing and allele-specific PCR among 260 strains of Y. pestis isolated from different foci and 7 strains of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Results For YP1666, only the strains of Xilin Gol grassland type and Microtus fuscus type had intact transmembrane helix, and the T-deletion at base 1406 was unique in strains of Orientalis. Same as Y. pseudotuberculosis, there was no IS100-insertion at the 3′ end of pgm locus of strains from Eastern section of North Tianshan Mountain type, Western section of North Tianshan Mountain type A and B, Xilin Gol grassland type and M. fuscus type. Only the strains of Xilin Gol grassland type and M. fuscus type had IS285-insertion in pigmentation segment and IS100-insertion at its downstream flanking region. pgm locus was deleted entirely from 36 strains, most of which came from Ordos plateau type, Song-liao plain type B , Kunlun Mountain type A and B. Conclusion Strains of Eastern section of North Tianshan Mountain type, Western section of North Tianshan Mountain type A and B, Xilin Gol grassland type and M. fuscus type are the oldest lineage of Chinese isolates. The pgm locus of the strains of these three types is very stable because there is no IS100-insertion at its 3′ terminal. We suggest that the strains of Xilin Gol grassland type and M. fuscus type should be grouped into a fourth biovar: Microtus. pgm locus is highly conserved among strains of different ecotypes, and its variations are well correlated with biovar, focus and ecotype, which indicates that pgm locus has played a role in strains′ adaptation to their environment.

Objective To investigate the effect of adrenomedullin on epithelial barrier function of Caco-2 cells under hypoxia/reoxygen-ation injury and the molecular mechanism.Methods Build hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model,Caco-2 cells were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group( N) ,hypoxia/reoxygenation group( H/R) and hypoxia/reoxygenation plus 1 μmol/L adrenomedullin group(H/R+AM).Transepithelial electrical resistance(TEER) was determined,and the laser confocal microscope was used to detect the construction of tight junction.The protein expressions of tight junction proteins (Occludin and ZO-1) and nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κBp65) were examined by using western blotting.Results Pretreatment of AM significantly attenuated the disruption of morphological structure of tight junction caused by H/R.The TEER of N group,H/R group and H/R+AM group were(157.68 ±5.54),(96.06 ±3.42),(134.56 ± 4.72) Ohm/cm2 respectively.After AM pretreatment, the TEER were significantly raised compared with that in H/R group by 40.00%(P<0.05).The relative protein expressions of Occludin and ZO-1 in N group,H/R group and H/R+AM group were [(0.43 ±0.03), (0.27 ±0.04)],[(0.20 ±0.03),(0.15 ±0.07)],[(0.32 ±0.15),(0.21 ±0.03)]respectively.After AM pretreatment,the protein ex-pression of Occludin and ZO-1 were significantly raised compared with that in H/R group(by 60.00% and 40.00%).Simultaneously,the relative protein expressions of NF-κBp65 in N group,H/R group and H/R+AM group were (0.53 ±0.30),(2.89 ±0.16),(1.75 ±0.25) respectively.And H/R induced NF-κBp65 activation was significantly inhibited by AM treatment (decreased as compared with H/R group by 40.00%).Conclusion AM can attenuate intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by regulating the expression of intestinal tight junction pro-teins.The inhibition of NF-κB activation may be involved in this mechanism.

Aim To investigate the effect of neferine on proliferation and invasion of human hepatocellular car-cinoma. Methods HepG2 and Bel-7402 cells were cultured in vitro with different concentrations of nefer-ine, then cell proliferation was observed by CCK-8 as-say; cell invasion was observed by transwell invasion assay; the protein expression of RhoA, RhoC and ROCK was detected by Western blot. Results CCK-8 results showed that neferine could significantly inhibit cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner compared with the control group. Transwell invasion assay showed that cell invasion was significantly decreased with neferine 3 μmol · L-1 . Western blot results showed that RhoA, RhoC and ROCK protein expres-sion was decreased when neferine was co-incubated with hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Conclusion Nef-erine can inhibit proliferation and invasion of HepG2 and Bel-7402 cells, which is mediated mainly by the inhibition of RhoA, RhoC and ROCK protein expres-sion.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the therapeutic effect of V-Y advanced flap pedicled with posterior perforator from medial malleolus for small skin defect at achilles tendon region.

METHODSFrom Mar. 2011 to Sep. 2012, 7 cases with small skin defect at achilles tendon region were treated by V-Y advanced flap pedicled with posterior perforator from medial malleolus. The flaps was 6.0 cm x 3.0 cm-9.0 cm x 4.5 cm in size. The defects at the donor sites were closed directly.

RESULTSAll flaps survived completely. 7 cases were followed up for 6-8 months after operation. The flaps had good texture and color match. The function of ankle was normal. All patients were satisfied with postoperative function and shape.

CONCLUSIONIt is an ideal reconstruction method for skin defect at achilles tendon region with V-Y advanced flap pedicled with posterior perforator from medial malleolus. It is easily performed with low risk and short recovery time.

Achilles Tendon ; injuries ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surgical Flaps ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the application of relay flaps pedicled by perforator from digital artery for reconstruction of soft tissue defects at finger tip.

METHODSFrom Mar. 2012 to Jun. 2014, 9 cases with soft tissue defects at finger tip were reconstructed with relay flaps at one side of finger pedicled by perforator from digital artery. The flap size ranged from 1.3 cm x 1.6 cm to 1.6 cm x 2.2 cm. The defects at donor sites were covered by adjacent web perforator V-Y advanced flaps.

RESULTSAll the 18 flaps in 9 cases survived completely with primary healing both in recipient and donor sites. The patients were followed up for 5 months to 2 years ( average, 12 months) with good elasticity and cosmetic results. No pain happened in the treated finger. The 2-point discrimination distance was 7-8 mm in fingertip flaps, and 10-12 mm in web perforator flaps. Hand function was graded as excellent in 7 cases, good in 2 cases, based on ATM assessment. The affected fingers had normal temperature and cold-resistance during winter. The width and depth of web in the donor site were not affected.

CONCLUSIONSThe relay flaps pedicled by perforator from digital artery can be applied for reconstruction of soft tissue defects at finger tip. The procedure is easy with satisfactory results and reservation of main artery. No skin graft is necessary for closure of defects on donor sites.

Arteries ; Elasticity ; Finger Injuries ; surgery ; Fingers ; blood supply ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Perforator Flap ; transplantation ; Time Factors ; Transplant Donor Site ; Wound Healing