Objective　To show the condition that the NOSIE (Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation) used in schizophrenia patients. Method　 To evaluate the male and female schizophrenia patients (paranoid type) by NOSIE. Results　 The total cases were 100 patients, male and female were both 50 cases. The result of evaluation showed that there was significant difference in 5 factors such as social competence, irritability, retardation, psychosis and depressive between male and female patients. As well, it matched with clinical information. The result of the consistency test for survey indicated that its Pearson coefficient of correlation for all of 7 factors in NOSIE were 0.617～0.843. Conclusion NOSICE can provided some objective data to clinical works of nurses. But, in other hand, its identity is lower.

Aim To investigate the changes of Na~+,K~+-ATPase activity and ? isoforms in rat neurons suffered from global ischemia.Methods The BCAL rat was induced by bilateral carotid artery ligation.The contents of H_2O,Na~+ and K~+ in brain tissue were detected.The method of spectrophotometry was applied to measure the activities of Na~+,K~+-ATPase.With immunohistochemical assay,the expression of the Na~+,K~+-ATPase ?_1,?_2,or ?_3 isoform was detected in neurons of rat hippocampus and cortex following ischemia.Results In the BCAL rats,the contents of H_2O and Na~+ were increased while the content of K~+ and the activity of Na~+,K~+-ATPase were decreased.The ?_1,?_2 or ?_3 isoform of Na~+,K~+-ATPase distributed in a tissue-specific fashion in neurons of hippocampus and cortex,in which ?_1 and ?_3 were abundant and ?_3 was more than ?_1,but ?_2 was much less.In BCAL rat,?_1 and ?_3 isoforms were significantly decreased in hippocampus and cortex neurons.Conclusion These results suggest that the changes of Na~+,K~+-ATPase ?_1 and ?_3 isoforms may be involved in the global cerebral ischemia

Objectives To monitor the residents prevalence of endemic arsenism in the disease affected areas in Inner Mongolia, so as to provide feasible suggestions for control of arsenism in the future. Methods Monitoring data were obtained from the Project of Endemic Disease Prevention Granted by Central Government in 2010 - 2012, and the conditions of arsenism patients from 38 endemic arsenic villages were analyzed among different year, age and gender. Results The detection rate of arsenism of the 38 surveillance villages was 7.38%(517/7 004) in 2010, 7.10%(482/6 784) in 2011 and 6.62% (431/6 514) in 2012. The arsenism patients of mild;moderate and severe cases from 2010 to 2012, accounted for 74.47% (385/517), 74.27% (358/482), 75.17% (324/431); 16.83% (87/517), 16.60% (80/482), 15.78% (68/431) and 8.7% (45/517), 9.13% (44/482), 9.05% (39/431), respectively. For skin lesions, the detection rates of keratosis, pigmentation and depigmentation from 2010 to 2012, were 8.08%(566/7 004), 7.90%(536/6 784), 7.77%(506/6 514);3.27%(229/7 004), 3.29%(223/6 784), 2.87%(187/6 514) and 6.68% (468/7 004), 6.63% (450/6 784), 5.82% (379/6 514), respectively, showed a declining trend. It also showed a declining trend with age, and the patients were mainly 40 years old people and older, and the highest detection rate was in the 60- 70 years old group[15.54%(143/920)、14.72%(135/917)、13.36%(136/1 018)]. For gender distribution, the detection rate of the three years was higher in male than female [male 8.24%(300/3 639), 7.99%(283/3 542), 7.71%(260/3 372);female 6.45%(217/3 365), 6.14%(199/3 242), 5.44%(171/3 142),χ2=8.24, 8.77, 13.54, all P〈0.01]. Conclusion There is no big change of arsenism conditions in 2010-2012, with a slight declining trend.

Aim To observe effects of hypertension on contractile/diastolic function and calcium transient in rats ventricular myocytes. Methods The model of one-kidney-one-clip (1k1c) hypertensive rat was pre-pared by partially ligating the left renal artery and removing the right kidney. Left ventricular myocytes were enzymatically isolated. Then the contraction and calcium transient of a single cell from both normal and renovascular hypertensive rats were observed by a video-based motion edge-detection system simultaneously. Effects of calcium in various concentrations on contractile/diastolic function and calcium transient in ventricular myocytes from renovascular hypertensive rats were assessed in the same way. Results Compared with normal cardiac myocytes, the shorting amplitude and the contractile and diastolic velocity were increased significantly in 1k1c hypertensive rat cardiac myocytes. However their intracellular calcium in contractile and diastolic periods, the extent of calcium transient and the parameters of intracellular calcium dynamics were unchanged. But the extracellular calcium of different concentrations could shift the Fura-2 fluorescence ratio-cell shorting amplitude curve from hypertension rat myocytes to the left compared with that from normal rats. Conclusions The hypertension increases the contractility of rat cardiac myocytes, which is due to raising their sensitivity to calcium.

Objective:To provide a retrospective analysis of the levels of occupational external exposure of radiation workers in Hubei province from 2009 to 2018 in a way to prevent and control its risks.Methods:The external individual doses were surveyed for 50 070 radiation workers between 2009 and 2018 by the effort of the Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Under the relevant national standards, the external radiation doses to radiation workers were conducted by using TLDs.Results:The average annual collective effective dose to radiation workers in a 10 years period was 1.93 man·Sv, the median of average annual effective dose of 0.14 mSv ( P25- P75: 0.06-0.30 mSv), and the average annual effective dose of 0.40 mSv. The annual effective doses received by 46 562 workers were less than 1 mSv, accounting for 92.99% of the total monitored workers. The annual effective dose varied dependent on occupational categories, showing a year-by-year decline trend and staying at a low level after 2012. The relative high radiation doses were seen in nuclear medicine and interventional radiology in medical applications, non-destructive testing and well logging in industrial applications, and other types of radiation applications. Conclusions:The average annual effective dose decreased year in a by year manner and kept at a low level. This indicated that the radiological protection measures taken during the 10 years ensure the health of workers. The continuous monitoring result suggest that much more attention should be paid to such categories workers as nuclear medicine, interventional radiology, non-destructive testing, well logging and others through improving radiation protection measures.

Objective To explore the effects of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning on ischemia-reperfusion inflammatory reaction of rats after skin flap transplantation.Methods Fifty-six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:a sham ischemia-reperfusion (SH) group,an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) group and a hyperbaric oxygen reconditioning (HBO) group.Both IR group and HBO group were further divided into 3 subgroups,respectively,according to the time points of serum sampling for test post establishment of the IR model of the abdominal pedicle skin flap transplantation.The IR model of the abdominal pedicle skin flap transplantation was established in all the animals except those in the SH group,with those in the HBO group were preconditioned with HBO twice daily for 3 days before the operation.The blood was sampled at 1,3 and 5 day post-operation to test the level of IL-23 using enzyme-linked immunosorbeut assay (ELISA).The survival skin flaps were sampled from all the animals at 3 and 5 days after the operation for histological observation and evaluation.Results The average IL-23 level of HBO 3 d subgroup (17.80 ± 14.78) was significantly lower than that of the IR 3 d subgroup (38.91 ± 12.26).The average histological scores of the IR 3 d and 5 d subgroups,as well as HBO 3 d and 5 d subgroups were (2.66 ±0.44)and (3.2 ±0.53),(1.85 ±0.31) and (2.29 ±0.32),significantly higher than SH group (0.38 ±0.10).Moreover,the average histological score of the HBO 3 d and 5 d subgroups was significantly lower than IR 3 d and 5 d subgroups respectively.Conclusion Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning can relieve the ischemia-reperfusion inflammatory reaction through reducing the serum level of IL-23 in rats after skin flap transplantation.

Objective To study the effect of nursing intervention on awake time and blood ammonia levels for patients with hepatic encephalopathy treated by dialysis therapy.Methods A total of 60 patients with hepatic encephalopathy treated by dialysis therapy in our hospital were randomized into control group (routine nursing) and observation group (nursing intervention) according to random number method,with 30 patients per group.The incidence of induced factors of hepatic encephalopathy,the clinical efficacy of nursing,and the patients' awake time and changes of blood ammonia levels in two groups were compared.Results Compared with the control group,the incidences of induced factors of hepatic encephalopathy such as infection,high protein diet,gastrointestinal bleeding,electrolyte disturbances were significantly reduced in the observation group (P ＜ 0.05);Compared with the control group,the total effective rate of nursing was obviously increased in the observation group (P ＜ 0.05);The patients'awake time was significantly decreased and the blood ammonia levels were obviously reduced on after nursing in the observation group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Nursing intervention for patients with hepatic encephalopathy can effectively remove the induced factors of hepatic encephalopathy and increase the clinical efficacy of dialysis therapy.

Objective To study the effect of nursing intervention on awake time and blood ammonia levels for patients with hepatic encephalopathy treated by dialysis therapy.Methods A total of 60 patients with hepatic encephalopathy treated by dialysis therapy in our hospital were randomized into control group (routine nursing) and observation group (nursing intervention) according to random number method,with 30 patients per group.The incidence of induced factors of hepatic encephalopathy,the clinical efficacy of nursing,and the patients' awake time and changes of blood ammonia levels in two groups were compared.Results Compared with the control group,the incidences of induced factors of hepatic encephalopathy such as infection,high protein diet,gastrointestinal bleeding,electrolyte disturbances were significantly reduced in the observation group (P ＜ 0.05);Compared with the control group,the total effective rate of nursing was obviously increased in the observation group (P ＜ 0.05);The patients'awake time was significantly decreased and the blood ammonia levels were obviously reduced on after nursing in the observation group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Nursing intervention for patients with hepatic encephalopathy can effectively remove the induced factors of hepatic encephalopathy and increase the clinical efficacy of dialysis therapy.

OBJECTIVE：To put forward policy suggestions for the adjustment and reform of centralized drug procurement mode in China. METHODS ：The evolution process of centralized drug procurement mode in China was reviewed ，and problems were found through literature research and expert interview. Combined with the experience of drug procurement platform construction，GPO procurement and medical insurance payment control fee management in the United States and Singapore ，the reform suggestions were put forward for basic model assumption of bidding procurement based on cost control target and drug bidding procurement policy. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：China’s drug bidding procurement system has gone through the stages of unified purchase and marketing ，decentralized procurement ，centralized procurement start-up and adjustment ，comprehensive implementation of online centralized drug procurement ，exploration of the integration of “two bidding ”（bidding for essential medicine and bidding for non-essential medicine ）and joint procurement ，and pilot stage of national drug bidding and procurement. At the present stage ，there are many problems in centralized drug procurement ，such as the diversified subordination relationship of the platform ，the possible monopoly of enterprise selection under the policy of “two invoice system ”，price reduction becoming the core performance index of bidding procurement ，and the suspected monopoly operation of GPO procurement exploration. The model analysis based on the goal of cost control shows that drug cost is a function of efficiency ，drug quantity and price. High price leads to high cost ，while low efficiency leads to high cost. In the future ，the goal of drug bidding and procurement should not only foucs on price control ，but also on efficiency. The function of bidding and procurement will return to the essential function of “price for quantity ”. It is suggested that a relatively independent and unified platform should be established for drug bidding and procurement in China ，and the grouped procurement mode should be gradually standardized ，the expenditure control function of medical insurance payment audit should be exerted instead of simple price reduction ，and absolute unified lowest price procurement should be avoided.

Objective To make certain about the phase of time from the culminated point of instantaneous accelerating wave intensity (W1) to that of instantaneous decelerating wave intensity (W2) wave intensity(WI) technique. Methods The ejection time of the curve of Doppler rate of flow in aortic opens and W1～W2 of common carotid arteries of both sides were detected in 66 healthy adults by Prosound α10 color Doppler ultrasound and the data were contrasted and analyzed. Results There were no statistical significances in the standardized value difference of ejection time of aorta and of time from starting point of W1 to culminated point of W2 in common carotid arteries of both sides (P>0.05). And there were all statistical significances in the standardized value difference of ejection time of aorta and of time in other groups (P<0. 001). Conclusions The ejection time is the time from starting point of W1 to culminated point of W2. The beginning of cardiac ejection should be the starting point of W1 curve,and the culminated point of W2 is the terminal time of ejection.