Objective:To investigate the effect of flipped classroom teaching based on effective teaching theory in the clinical teaching of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery.Methods:A total of 35 nursing students who received clinical teaching in Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University Medical College, from June 2019 to June 2020 were selected as control group, and 35 nursing students who received clinical teaching from July 2020 to July 2021 were selected as study group. The students in the control group received traditional teaching, and those in the observation group received flipped classroom teaching based on effective teaching theory. The two groups were compared in terms of the scores of theoretical knowledge and practical operation after teaching, abilities of self-learning, analysis and problem-solving, innovative thinking, teamwork, and nurse-patient communication before and after treatment, and the degree of satisfaction with teaching among nursing students. SPSS 24.0 was used to perform the t-test and the chi-square test. Results:After teaching, the study group had significantly higher scores of theoretical knowledge and practical operation than the control group (94.24±3.25/94.65±3.41 vs. 89.54±3.36/88.76±3.37, P < 0.05). After teaching, both groups had significant increases in the scores of self-study ability, analysis and problem-solving ability, innovative thinking ability, teamwork ability, and nurse-patient communication ability, and the study group had significantly higher scores of these abilities than the control group ( P < 0.05). The study group had a significantly higher satisfaction rate of teaching than the control group [94.29% (33/35) vs. 71.43% (25/35)]. Conclusion:In the clinical teaching of nursing students in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery, the application of flipped classroom teaching based on effective teaching theory can improve the understanding of theoretical knowledge and practical operation ability, with significant increases in comprehensive ability and degree of satisfaction with teaching, and therefore, it has a good application value.

SARS-CoV-2 infection causes complicated clinical manifestations with variable multi-organ injuries, however, the underlying mechanism, in particular immune responses in different organs, remains elusive. In this study, comprehensive transcriptomic alterations of 14 tissues from rhesus macaque infected with SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed. Compared to normal controls, SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in dysregulation of genes involving diverse functions in various examined tissues/organs, with drastic transcriptomic changes in cerebral cortex and right ventricle. Intriguingly, cerebral cortex exhibited a hyperinflammatory state evidenced by significant upregulation of inflammation response-related genes. Meanwhile, expressions of coagulation, angiogenesis and fibrosis factors were also up-regulated in cerebral cortex. Based on our findings, neuropilin 1 (NRP1), a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, was significantly elevated in cerebral cortex post infection, accompanied by active immune response releasing inflammatory factors and signal transmission among tissues, which enhanced infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in a positive feedback way, leading to viral encephalitis. Overall, our study depicts a multi-tissue/organ transcriptomic landscapes of rhesus macaque with early infection of SARS-CoV-2, and provides important insights into the mechanistic basis for COVID-19-associated clinical complications.
Animals ; COVID-19/genetics* ; Macaca mulatta ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Transcriptome