Objective To observe the distribution of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc and to establish standard curve in normal mice so as to measure the changes of dopaminergic neurons in number in SNpc of the mice toxicated with MPTP. Methods Ten male C57BL6 mice aged 8-12 weeks, weight 20-22 g, were randomized to receive 20 mg/kg MPTP or physical saline every 3 h for 4 times, then killed 7 d later. The mouse mesocerebrum was taken out and fixed, frozen, sectioned. All sections containing SNpc were observed under the guide of mouse brain atlas. Every other sections were chosen to stain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to show dopaminergic neurons immunohistochemically. The TH positive cells in SNpc were counted in each section and the standard curve was established. Results The standard curve of SNpc compact part position and TH positive cells was established. By comparing the standard curves for the MPTP intoxicated mice and the saline mice, TH positive cells in SNpc from MPTP toxicated mice decreased significantly, which confirmed the validity and feasibility of the standard curve. Conclusion The establishment of standard curve greatly facilitates the comparison of specimen from different groups and makes the assessment of dopaminergic neuron loss more accurate and efficient. The standard curve can serve as an excellent reference curve for the assessment of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc in normal C57BL6 mice.

Objective To study the clinical and imaging features of neonatal acute osteomyelitis.Method From 2011 to 2016,the clinical feature,laboratory results,pathogen,imaging features,treatment and prognosis of neonates who were diagnosed with acute osteomyelitis in NICU of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region were retrospectively studied.Result A total of 13 cases were enrolled during the study period,5 males and 8 females,with onset age of 7 ～30 d.8 cases had different degrees of fever and 5 of them showed dyspnea;8 cases had elevated skin temperature and swelling at the affected area;7 cases presented with irritability;6 cases had anorexia;all cases had elevated white blood cell count.Blood culture were taken immediately after their admission,and culture from the pus were taken for some patients.5 cases had positive blood culture and Staphylococcus aureus was the main pathogen.6 cases had positive pus culture,and 4 cases showed gram positive (G +) bacteria and 2 cases gram negative (G-) bacteria.Humerus and tibia were the main foci of the infection.4 cases had X-ray examination within 7 days of onset showing soft tissue swelling and no sign of bone destruction.13 cases had X-ray examination at 7 to 14 days of disease.Among them only 1 case showed soft tissue swelling,and the rest 12 cases had different levels of bone destruction and periosteal reaction.2 cases had X-ray examination after 14 days of disease,showing stiffening ring,inflammatory changes and periosteal reaction.All patients were treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics after admission,and the affected limbs were immobilized.3 cases had further surgical treatment.11 patients recovered and were discharged,1 patient was treated at local hospital after diagnosis and 1 patient refused further treatment due to serious complications after 35 d of hospital stay and was lost on follow-up.Conclusion The clinical manifestation of neonatal osteomyelitis is atypical,the radiological and pathogen examination should be carried out once osteomyelitis is suspected.Appropriate antibiotics and timely surgery can prevent further damage and long-term sequela.

Objective To observe the efficacy and safety of recombinant human interleukin-11 (rnIL-11) in the treatment of thrombocytopenia induced by chemoradiotherapy in patients with solid tumor.Methods Solid tumor patients whose PLT count was lower than 50 × 109/L from December 2010 to December 2012 in PLA general hospital of Chengdu Commond were studied.They were divided into two groups randomly.The observed group was given subcutaneous injection of recombinant human interleukin-11 (Ⅰ) at the dose of 25 g · kg-1 · d-1,until the PLT rising subsolute value was more than 50 × 109/L.The control group was given usual treatment.The vital signs,hepatorenal function,coagulation function and cardio-pulmonary function of the patients were recorded during the whole process of treatment.Results The patients after chemotherapy had the platelet lowest average of (27.4 ± 7.6) × 109/L,and the average of the control group was (28.1 ± 7.9) × 109/L.The difference was not statistically significant (t =1.083,P ＞ 0.05),but treatment after the observation of elevated had the platelet highest average of (116.3 ± 22.8) × 109/L,which was significantly higher than that of (76.2 ± 21.3) × 109/L; the difference was significant (t =21.092,P ＜ 0.05).Platelets of patients in the observation group were ＜50 × 109/L for several days with an average of (4.3 ± 1.7) d,while platelets rose from the lowest value of the average absolute value greater than 50 000 hours (6.8 ± 2.4) d,shorter than the control group.By comparing the two groups,the differences were significant (t =11.347,P ＜ 0.05 ; t =15.196,P ＜ 0.05).Two groups of patients can tolerate adverse reactions.Ⅲ,Ⅳ degree of adverse reaction was not observed.Conclusion This study shows that rhIL-11 is well tolerated and has thrombopoietic activity in the treatment of thrombocytopenia.

Phenylketonuria is a most common group of genetic metabolic diseases.Phenylketonuria is caused by enzymatic defects in the metabolic pathway,which is characterized by high blood phenylalanine concentration.Patients need early,reasonable treatment once diagnosis,otherwise there will be serious nervous system sequelae.Available treatments aim to decrease the blood phenylalanine concentration,reduce nervous system symptoms.The current primary treatment of phenylketonuria is the limitation of dietary phenylalanine intake.Considering the poor compliance with long-term eating restrictions and the heavy family burden,the application of new medicine such as trahydropterina cofactor,glycomacropeptide,large neutral amino acids can improve the therapeutic effect and living condition of phenylketonuria patients.In addition,recombinant phenylalanine ammonia lyase,hepatocyte transplantation,gene therapy,probiotics and other new treatments also seem to be a promising approach in the near future.

BACKGROUND:The studies have shown that the mesenchymal stem cel s derived from bone marrow and umbilical cord can be continuously cultured in vitro, and maintain the characteristics of stem cel s. The mesenchymal stem cel s can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cel s after“cocktail”induction by various cytokines. OBJECTIVE:To further identify whether umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cel s in vitro co-cultured with normal hepatocytes can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cel s, and to investigate the differentiation method. METHODS:Mesenchymal stem cel s were isolated from human umbilical cord with adherent method, and the surface markers of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cel s were detected with flow cytometry. The umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cel s were co-cultured with liver LO2 cel s without adding exogenous inducers. The expressions of alpha-fetoprotein, albumin and human cytokeratin 19 mRNA of hepatocyte specific markers were detected with reverse transcription PCR at 7, 14 and 21 days after culture, and periodic acid-Schiff staining was used to identify the functions. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Mesenchymal stem cel s could isolated from human umbilical cord successful y, showing fibroblastic morphology and adherent cel characterization. Among these cel s, 96.02%cel s were CD29 positive cel s and 96.6%cel s were CD105 positive cel s. The percentage of CD34 negative cel s was 99.65%. The percentage of CD105+CD29+double positive cel s was 94.84%. The mRNA of alpha-fetoprotein was found on the 7th day after co-cultured with LO2 cel s, and the mRNA of albumin and human cytokeratin 19 were found on the 14th day. After co-cultured for 21 days, the alpha-fetoprotein mRNA could not be observed in the co-culture group. The expressions of albumin and human cytokeratin 19 were increased at 14 days. After co-cultured for 21 days, the glycogen staining was positive. Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cel s can differentiate into hepatocyte-like cel s after co-cultured with normal hepatocytes.

ObjectiveTo explore an appropriate way and its effect on neonatal resuscitation training in Uygur area of Xinjiang, China.MethodsFrom October 2014 to February 2015, obstetricians, neonatologists (pediatricians), midwives and anesthetists from Turpan Region Central Hospital, Turpan City People's Hospital,Aksu Region First People's Hospital and other five hospitals at county level were chosen to attend the training course of neonatal resuscitation. The textbook for the course was Guidelines for Resuscitation which had been translated to Uygur language from English and the class was lead by less than ten Uygur trainees with Mandarin and Uygur when necessary in addressing some difficult or important points. The duration of theoretic courses took 6 h and the operational course took 8 h. Theorectical exam was taken before, immediately after and three months after (before re-training) the training. The accuracy rate was applied to assess the effect of training through evaluation for each resuscitation techniques. Repeated measures analysis of variance andChi-square test were used for statistical analysis.ResultsA total of 220 health care staff were included in the study. The average score of theoretical examination after the training was higher than that before (85.68±8.52 vs 65.37±12.08,t=18.532,P=0.000), and that before re-training was lower than that after training (80.08±12.70 vs 85.68±8.52,t=-4.943,P=0.000). After the training, the proportions of Done in each item, including rapid assessment, preliminary resuscitation, correct positive pressure artificial ventilation, external cardiac massage together with artificial ventilation, proper endotracheal intubation and proper administration of resuscitation drugs, were all higher that those before [72.7%(160/220) vs 1.4%(3/220), 40.0%(88/220) vs 0%(0/220), 15.9%(35/220) vs 0%(0/220), 37.7%(83/220) vs 8.2%(18/220), 51.8%(114/220) vs 5.9%(13/220) and 48.2%(106/220) vs 10.5%(23/220), allP<0.01]. But at the time before re-training, only one proportion ofDone which was higher than those immediately after initial training was proper administration of resuscitation drugs [49.6%(109/220) vs 48.2%(106/220),χ2=9.129,P<0.05].ConclusionBilingual (Mandarin and Uygur) neonatal resuscitation training in Xinjiang minority areas might enhance the recovery skills for local medical personnel.

Objective: To investigate the application of single-molecule PCR (SM-PCR) in the detection of plasma ctDNA for the treat-ment of patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: In total, 30 patients diagnosed with advanced lung adenocarcinoma were enrolled between June 2017 and May 2018. ctDNA fragments of the target genes (EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, ALK, HER2, and TP53) from the blood samples were enriched by SM-PCR, and DNA libraries were prepared. Finally, a high-throughput sequencing was performed. The EGFR detection of tumor tissue samples was performed using real-time fluorescence PCR based on the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) and consistency in the results of EGFR mutation detection in the plasma and tissue was compared. Results:The results of both the methods were consistent (Kappa=0.867, P<0.001). The McNemar's test also indicated that the results are not statistically different (P=0.500). Conclusions: SM-PCR can be used for the detection of plasma EGFR mutations. The target detection sites are more comprehensive and multiple mutations can be detected at the same time. Results of the analysis are more precise and can be absolutely quantified.

Objective:To summarize the genetic etiology, clinical characteristics and outcomes of neonatal hypotonia in the early stage of NICU, to provide basis for clinicians to early identify diseases and choose reasonable treatments.Methods:The clinical data of neonates with hypotonia admitted to the Department of Neonatology of Children′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and People′s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from July 2017 to July 2020 were analyzed.Results:A total of 49 children were enrolled in the study, all clinically manifested as unexplained hypotonia, accompanied by special appearance 29 cases(59.18%), metabolic abnormality 18 cases(36.73%), and cranial imagin abnormality 23 cases(46.93%). After gene sequencing a, total of 22(44.89%)patients were confirmed.Thirteen (26.53%) of them were copy number variation, and gene mutation in nine cases(18.36%). The oldest age of these patients was 3 years and 2 months now, while the youngest was 4 months.A total of 16 patients were dead(32.65%). Four (8.16%) patients were lost to follow-up.At present, eighteen (62.07%) patients had mental retardation, and eleven (37.93%) of whom still existed severe physical retardation.Conclusion:We could conduct genetic testing in NICU to improve the diagnosis rate of neonates with unexplained hypotonia, which have high rate of adverse events.Neonates with a clear diagnosis should be treated promptly and give the genetic counseling to reduce the risk for the next children.

Cholestatic liver disease is a common disease that causes bile flow dysfunction due to various reasons. The etiology of cholestatic liver disease is complexed, and therapeutic drugs are extremely limited. To date, ursodeoxycholic acid is the only FDA-approved drug for treating primary biliary cirrhosis, whereas its efficacy is limited to early stage of the disease, therefore novel drugs are urgently needed. Nuclear receptors become therapeutic hotspot target in cholestasis since these receptors play a key role in regulating bile acid homeostasis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is an important nuclear receptor involved in regulating multiple mechanisms of cholestasis in vivo. It can improve intrahepatic cholestasis by inhibiting bile acid synthesis, reducing bile acid toxicity, affecting the expression of bile acid metabolic enzymes and transporters, and can play an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation and anti-fibrosis role. A number of studies have shown that PPAR agonists represented by fibrates alone or in combination can improve liver function indexes, inflammatory factors and fibrosis markers in patients with cholestasis. This review analyzes and summarizes the lastest advances in the molecular mechanism of PPAR as a therapeutic target for cholestasis and drug treatment in development or have been used in clinical.

【Objective】 To investigate the frequencies of HLA-B alleles in Jiangsu Han population from Chinese Marrow Donor Program (CMDP) Jiangsu Branch in 8 prefecture-level cities, compare and analyze the distribution of common susceptible alleles at HLA-B locus in 8 prefecture-level cities. 【Methods】 The HLA-B locus of 27 249 unrelated volunteers from CMDP Jiangsu Branch were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–sequence based typing (PCR-SBT) method, and frequencies of HLA-B alleles of 8 prefecture-level cities were calculated and compared. 【Results】 A total of 145 HLA-B alleles were detected in Jiangsu Han population, among them 104, 113, 83, 88, 88, 85, 84, 72 HLA-B alleles were detected in Changzhou, Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, Huai’an, Suqian, Xuzhou, and Yancheng Han population, respectively. In general, the common alleles in Changzhou, Yangzhou and Zhenjiang were very similar, and the most common alleles were B^*46∶01, 13∶02, 40∶01 and 58∶01. The common alleles in Nanjing, Huai’an and Suqian were rather similar, and the most common alleles were B^*13∶02, 46∶01, 40∶01, 58∶01 and 51∶01. The common alleles in Yancheng were rather similar to Nanjing, Huai’an and Suqian, with only difference in the order of B^*40∶01 and B^*58∶01. The common alleles in Xuzhou were close to Nanjing, Huai’an and Suqian too, with only difference in the order of B^*40∶01 and B^*46∶01. 【Conclusion】 The results reflected the distribution of HLA-B alleles of Jiangsu Han population from 8 prefecture-level cities and the gene distribution was basically consistent with the regional distribution. The major difference in HLA-B locus in Jiangsu 8 prefecture-level cities was B ^* 13∶02 and B ^* 46∶01. The frequency of B ^* 13∶02 in Northern Jiangsu (Huai’an, Suqian, Xuzhou, Yancheng) is much higher than that of B ^* 46∶01, and that in Nanjing is slightly higher than the frequency of B ^* 46∶01, which is consistent with that in North China. The frequency of B ^* 46∶01 in Southern Jiangsu (Changzhou), Yangzhou and Zhenjiang is higher than that of B ^* 13∶02, which is consistent with that in South China. The polymorphism analysis of alleles at HLA-B locus in 8 cities in Jiangsu Province provided significant basic data for the study of the correlation between HLA-B locus genes and diseases, as well as the population genetics and anthropology in Jiangsu Han population.