ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of nicotine exposure and ethanol-preferring behavior on mRNA expression of some nAChR subunits in the rat ventral tegmental area(VTA) and to explore possible mechanisms of dependence on tobacco and alcohol.Methods39 male Wistar rats,35-day-old,were randomly divided into an experimental group (group N,n=20) and a control group (group C,n=19).Rats in group N were treated with nicotine ( 1.0 mg · kg -1 · d -1 ) by subcutaneous injection while in group C with saline both for 10 days,after which 6 rats (respectively group NE,n =6,group CE,n =6 )were drawn randomly from each group and killed by cutting off the head.mRNA was extracted from the VTA tissue,and the expression of nAChR subunits,including α4,α5,α7 and β2,were examined by Real Time-PCR.Other rats both in groups N and C ( respectively group NA,n=14,group CA,n=13) were induced for 69 days to establish two-bottle free choice alcohol-preferring behavior model by Samson sucrose fading program from 60-day-old on.The same indexes mentioned above were detected by the same methods in the VTA tissue.Results① The factor analysis showed that both the two factors,nicotine and alcohol-preferring behavior,showed regulating effects on the expression of nAChR subunits α4 and α5 ( respectively F was 6.13,5.407,5.186,7.132,P ＜ 0.05 ),and the factor,alcohol-preferring behavior,on subunit β2 (F =5.896,P＜0.05) ; the two factors exhibited strong interaction on the expression of subunit α7 (F=13.894,P＜0.001 ),and some interaction on subunits α5 and β2 (respectively F was 6.149,4.222,P＜0.05 ).② The mRNA expression of nAChR subunits α4,α5,α7,and β2 were significantly up-regulated by different degrees in group NA compared to group CA ( respectively Fwas 7.941,13.517,17.438,9.272,respectively P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.05,P ＜ 0.01,P ＜ 0.01 ),the expression level of subunits α4,α5,α7 and β2 were significantly higher in different degrees in group NA than in group NE( respectively F was 5.293,8.500,6.149,4.837,P ＜0.05) ; while subunit α7 was significantly down-regulated in group CA compared to group CE (F =12.750,P ＜0.01 ).ConclusionNicotine and ethanol co-affect on the nAChR subtype comprised of subunits α4,α5,α7 and β2.

OBJECTIVE To compare five com monly used judgment criteria for potentially inappropriate medication （PIM）in the elderly ，and to provide reference for clinical selection of appropriate PIM evaluation tools for the elderly. METHODS From the aspects of applicable age ，content and scale characteristics ，five commonly used PIM judgment criteria for the elderly at home and abroad were analyzed and compared ，namely Beer ’s criteria ，STOPP/START v 2 criteria，ACOVE 3 criteria，PIM-Check criteria and“Judgment Criteria for Potentially Inappropriate Medication for Chinese Elderly ”（Chinese criteria ）. RESULTS The five standards both overlapped and focused in terms of scale characteristics. In each study ，the incidence of PIM was different according to different standards. Proton pump inhibitors ，diuretics，non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and anticoagulants were the most frequently occurring PIM drugs for the elderly. CONCLUSIONS Combining with the specific conditions of patients and fully considering the benefits and risks of treatment ，rational selection and combination of five PIM judgment criteria ，and necessary supplements to my country ’s PIM judgment criteria ，will help clinicians and pharmacists to improve the efficacy and safety of the medication in the elderly patients.

OBJECTI VE To introduce the evaluation system for clinical value of antineoplastic agents at home and abroad ，and to provide reference for continuous improvement of clinical value-oriented antineoplastic agents development and research guideline in China. METHODS The suggestions were put forward to improve the evaluation system for clinical value of antineoplastic agents in China by consulting the relevant data of evaluation system for clinical value of antineoplastic agents at home and abroad and domestic antineoplastic agents R&D and management policies ，sort outing and analyzing comparatively their dimensions ， perspectives，target audiences ，application scope ，advantages and disadvantages. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Seven foreign value evaluation systems （value assessment framework of American Society of Clinical Oncology ，clinical benefit scale of European Society of Clinical Oncology ，value evaluation framework of American Institute of Clinical and Economic Evaluation ， etc.）had their own characteristics and unique advantages under different settings ；several value evaluation systems differed in the criteria for defining value ，depending on the perspective and population they focus on. The value dimensions were constantly changing dynamically in response to scientific values and social needs ，including not only safety ，efficacy and cost-effectiveness ， but also innovation ，fairness，quality of life attributes. Some evaluation systems adopted value assessment tools that followed the trend of the information age in the presentation form and assessment mode ，which promoted shared decision-making between doctors and patients. Combining the characteristics of foreign value evaluation system and the current situation of development and application of antineoplastic agents in China ，we can have a deeper understanding of drug efficacy ，safety，quality of life ，research and development cost and pricing in the future. Antineoplastic 2021-10-28） agents will have a more reasonable position to solve the unmet needs of patients from the perspectives of drug research and development， clinical application ， drug accessibility and fairness.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of clopidogrel versus aspirin monotherapy regimens for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and to provide economic evidence and reference for clinical medication and decision-making. METHODS Based on the CAPRIE trial， a Markov model was constructed； the probabilities of risk events， health utility values， and costs of risk event management were obtained from relevant literature. The cycle length was 6 months， and the time horizon was 10 years. A discount rate of 5% per year was applied. The primary outcomes were total costs， quality-adjusted life-years （QALYs）， and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio （ICER）. Cost-utility analysis was performed for above 2 regimens by using TreeAge Pro software. The one-way sensitivity analysis， probabilistic sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis were conducted to validate the robustness of the analyses. RESULTS Compared with the aspirin regimen （325 mg/d of CAPRIE trial dose）， the ICER values of clopidogrel regimen for secondary stroke prevention for 10 years， 20 years and 30 years were 4 284.06， 4 201.20 and 3 986.78 yuan/QALY， respectively， which were E-mail：liuxiaoyanrj@sjtu.edu.cn all less than the willing-to-pay （WTP） threshold of one time 。 China’s per capita gross domestic product （GDP） in 2021. E-mail：scilwsjtu-wb@yahoo.com Compared with the aspirin regimen （clinically recommended dose in China， 100 mg/d）， the ICER values of clopidogrel regimen for stroke secondary prevention for 10 years， 20 years and 30 years were 58 238.27， 42 164.72 and 36 164.77 yuan/QALY， respectively， which were all less than WTP threshold. When comparing with aspirin regimen of 325 mg/d， results of one-way sensitivity analysis showed that the cost of clopidogrel and aspirin， probability of the first recurrence of ischemic stroke were sensitive factors of model. Results of probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that when WTP was set at one time GDP per capita in China in 2021， clopidogrel had a probability of being cost- effective of about 66.5%. Results of scenario analysis showed that neither changing the time horizon to 10， 20 or 30 years nor using different doses of aspirin （50， 100， 150， 200 or 250 mg/d） would not alter any conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Compared with aspirin monotherapy， clopidogrel monotherapy is more cost-effective for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.